Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo: Difference between revisions

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! Example (using the verbs ''opk'ūja'' (sit) and ''kwedi'' (hear))
! Example (using the verbs ''opk'ūja'' (sit) and ''kwedi'' (hear))
|-
|-
| Remote Past || || -<span style="color:Red">oCo</span><sup>1</sup> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">eCe</span><sup>1</sup> || opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago <br> kwedede - heard a long time ago
| Remote Past || || -<span style="color:Red">oCo</span><sup>1</sup> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">öCö</span><sup>1</sup> || opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago <br> kwedödö - heard a long time ago
|-
|-
| Past || || -<span style="color:Red">o</span> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">e</span> || opk'ūjo - sat <br> kwede - heard
| Past || || -<span style="color:Red">o</span> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">ö</span> || opk'ūjo - sat <br> kwedö - heard
|-
|-
| Present || || -ng || opk'ūjang - sits <br> kweding - hears
| Present || || -ng || opk'ūjang - sits <br> kweding - hears
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| Remote Future || Progressive
| Remote Future || Progressive
|-
|-
| Remote Past || Perfect || ut VERB-<span style="color:Red">oCo</span> <br> ut VERB-<span style="color:Blue">eCe</span> || ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago <br> ut kwedede - had heard long ago
| Remote Past || Perfect || ut VERB-<span style="color:Red">oCo</span><sup>1</sup> <br> ut VERB-<span style="color:Blue">öCö</span><sup>1</sup> || ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago <br> ut kwedödö - had heard long ago
|-
|-
| Past || Perfect || ut VERB-<span style="color:Red">o</span> <br> ut VERB-<span style="color:Blue">e</span> || ut opk'ūjo - had sut <br> ut kwede - had heard
| Past || Perfect || ut VERB-<span style="color:Red">o</span> <br> ut VERB-<span style="color:Blue">ö</span> || ut opk'ūjo - had sut <br> ut kwedö - had heard
|-
|-
| Present || Perfect || ut VERB-ng || ut opk'ūjang - have sut <br> ut kweding - have heard
| Present || Perfect || ut VERB-ng || ut opk'ūjang - have sut <br> ut kweding - have heard
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| Remote Future || Perfect || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future
| Remote Future || Perfect || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future
|-
|-
| Remote Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dede</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">dodo</span> || opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago <br> kwedidede - repeatedly heard things long ago
| Remote Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dödö</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">dodo</span> || opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago <br> kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago
|-
|-
| Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">de</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">do</span> || opk'ūjado - sat around <br> kwedide - repeatedly heard things
| Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dö</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">do</span> || opk'ūjado - sat around <br> kwedidö - repeatedly heard things
|-
|-
| Present || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">da</span> || opk'ūjada - sit around <br> kwedidi - repeatedly hear things
| Present || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">du</span> || opk'ūjadu - sit around <br> kwedidi - repeatedly hear things
|-
|-
| Future || Frequentative || k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">da</span> || k'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around <br> k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
| Future || Frequentative || k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">du</span> || k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around <br> k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
|-
|-
| Remote Future || Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">da</span> || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future
| Remote Future || Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">du</span> || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup>The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.

Revision as of 07:11, 22 April 2010

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Proto-Kunnurūjungo
Pronounced: /-kunːu*ruːdʒuŋːo/
Timeline and Universe:
Species: Human
Spoken:
Total speakers:
Writing system:
Genealogy:
Typology
Morphology: Agglutinative
Morphosyntax: Ergative
Word order: SOV
Credits
Creator: Qwynegold
Created: April 2010

Phonology

Phoneme inventory


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Alveolar Post-alv. Velar Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Plain Plosive /p/ [b] /t/ [d] /k/ [ɡ]
Asp. or Gem. Plosive /pː/ /pʰ/ /tː/ /tʰ/ /kː/ /kʰ/
Plain Fricative /f/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/
Long Fricative /sː/
Affricate /ts/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/
Rhotic /*r/1
Lat. Approximant [l]
Long Lat. Approximant [lː]

1The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.

Monophthongs
Front Back
High /i/ /y/ /u/ /uː/
Mid /e/ /ø/ /o/ /oː/
Low /ɑ/
Diphthongs
Front-Front Front-Back Back-Front Back-Back
High /ju/ /juː/ /wi/ /wy/ /wuː/
Mid /je/ /jo/ /joː/ /we/ /ue/ /wø/ /wo/
Opening Low /jɑ/ /wɑ/
Closing Low /ɑi/ /ɑu/

Allophony

  • The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
  • The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
  • The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.

Phonological constraints

The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.

The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.

Romanization

A a, B b, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, Kk kk, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Ng ng, Nn nn, O o, Ō ō, Ö ö, P p, Ph ph, Pp pp, R r, S s, Sh sh, Ss ss, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tt tt, U u, Ū ū, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Letter Pronunciation
A a ɑ
B b b
Ch ch tʃ
D d d
E e e
F f f
G g ɡ
H h h
I i i
J j dʒ
K k k
Kh kh kʰ
Kk kk kː
L l l
Ll ll lː
M m m
N n n
Ng ng ŋ
Nn nn nː
O o o
Ō ō oː
Ö ö ø
P p p
Ph ph pʰ
Pp pp pː
R r *r
S s s
Sh sh ʃ
Ss ss sː
T t t
Th th tʰ
Ts ts ts
Tt tt tː
U u u
Ū ū uː
Ü ü y
W w w
Y y j
Z z z
Zh zh ʒ

The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.

Grammars

Verbs

Voice

Tense and aspect

Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned. In the following table, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with blue go together with front vowel words, and the ones in red with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used.

Tense Aspect Morphology Example (using the verbs opk'ūja (sit) and kwedi (hear))
Remote Past -oCo1
-öCö1		 opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago
kwedödö - heard a long time ago
Past -o
-ö		 opk'ūjo - sat
kwedö - heard
Present -ng opk'ūjang - sits
kweding - hears
Future k'ūdi VERB k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit
k'ūdi kwedi - will hear
Remote Future k'ūdik'ūdi VERB k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future
k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future
Remote Past Progressive
Past Progressive
Present Progressive
Future Progressive
Remote Future Progressive
Remote Past Perfect ut VERB-oCo1
ut VERB-öCö1		 ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago
ut kwedödö - had heard long ago
Past Perfect ut VERB-o
ut VERB-ö		 ut opk'ūjo - had sut
ut kwedö - had heard
Present Perfect ut VERB-ng ut opk'ūjang - have sut
ut kweding - have heard
Future Perfect k'ūdi VERB-ng k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut
k'ūdi kweding - will have heard
Remote Future Perfect k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future
k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future
Remote Past Frequentative -dödö
-dodo		 opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago
kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago
Past Frequentative -dö
-do		 opk'ūjado - sat around
kwedidö - repeatedly heard things
Present Frequentative -di
-du		 opk'ūjadu - sit around
kwedidi - repeatedly hear things
Future Frequentative k'ūdi VERB-di
k'ūdi VERB-du		 k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around
k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
Remote Future Frequentative k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di
k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-du		 k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future
k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future

1The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.

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