Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo: Difference between revisions

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=== Allophony ===
=== Allophony ===
The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.<br><br>
*The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.<br><br>
*The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.
*The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.


=== Phonological constraints ===
=== Phonological constraints ===
The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.<br><br>
The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.
The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.
:The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.


== Romanization ==
== Romanization ==
Line 277: Line 277:


The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.
The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.
== Grammars ==
=== Verbs ===
==== Voice ====
==== Tense and aspect ====
Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably three basic tenses (past, present and habitual), and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and three aspects (progressive, perfect and frequentative) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means.
{|
! Tense
! Aspect
! Morphology
! Example (using the verbs ''opk'ūja'' (sit) and ''kwedi'' (hear))
|-
| Remote Past || || -oCo<sup>1</sup> <br> -eCe<sup>1</sup> || opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago <br> kwedede - heard a long time ago
|-
| Past || || -o <br> -e || opk'ūjo - sat <br> kwede - heard
|-
| Present || || -ng || opk'ūjang - sits <br> kweding - hears
|-
| Future || || k'ūdi VERB || k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit <br> k'ūdi kwedi - will hear
|-
| Remote Future || || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future
|-
| Remote Past || Progressive ||
|-
| Past || Progressive ||
|-
| Present || Progressive
|-
| Future || Progressive
| Remote Future || Progressive
|-
| Remote Past || Perfect || ut VERB-oCo <br> ut VERB-eCe || ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago <br> ut kwedede - had heard long ago
|-
| Past || Perfect || ut VERB-o <br> ut VERB-e || ut opk'ūjo - had sut <br> ut kwede - had heard
|-
| Present || Perfect || ut VERB-ng || ut opk'ūjang - have sut <br> ut kweding - have heard
|-
| Future || Perfect || k'ūdi VERB-ng || k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut <br> k'ūdi kweding - will have heard
|-
| Remote Future || Perfect || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future
|-
| Remote Past || Frequentative || -dede <br> -dodo || opk'ūjadodo - sat around in different places long time ago <br> kwedidede - repeatedly heard things long ago
|-
| Past || Frequentative || -de <br> -do || opk'ūjado - sat around in different places <br> kwedide - repeatedly heard things
|-
| Present || Frequentative || -di <br> -da || opk'ūjada - sit around in different places <br> kwedidi - repeatedly hear things
|-
| Future || Frequentative || k'ūdi VERB-di <br> k'ūdi VERB-da || k'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around in different places <br> k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
|-
| Remote Future || Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di <br> k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-da || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around in different places in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future
|}

Revision as of 06:38, 22 April 2010

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Proto-Kunnurūjungo
Pronounced: /-kunːu*ruːdʒuŋːo/
Timeline and Universe:
Species: Human
Spoken:
Total speakers:
Writing system:
Genealogy:
Typology
Morphology: Agglutinative
Morphosyntax: Ergative
Word order: SOV
Credits
Creator: Qwynegold
Created: April 2010

Phonology

Phoneme inventory


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Alveolar Post-alv. Velar Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Plain Plosive /p/ [b] /t/ [d] /k/ [ɡ]
Asp. or Gem. Plosive /pː/ /pʰ/ /tː/ /tʰ/ /kː/ /kʰ/
Plain Fricative /f/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/
Long Fricative /sː/
Affricate /ts/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/
Rhotic /*r/1
Lat. Approximant [l]
Long Lat. Approximant [lː]

1The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.

Monophthongs
Front Back
High /i/ /y/ /u/ /uː/
Mid /e/ /ø/ /o/ /oː/
Low /ɑ/
Diphthongs
Front-Front Front-Back Back-Front Back-Back
High /ju/ /juː/ /wi/ /wy/ /wuː/
Mid /je/ /jo/ /joː/ /we/ /ue/ /wø/ /wo/
Opening Low /jɑ/ /wɑ/
Closing Low /ɑi/ /ɑu/

Allophony

  • The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
  • The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
  • The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.

Phonological constraints

The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.

The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.

Romanization

A a, B b, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, Kk kk, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Ng ng, Nn nn, O o, Ō ō, Ö ö, P p, Ph ph, Pp pp, R r, S s, Sh sh, Ss ss, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tt tt, U u, Ū ū, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Letter Pronunciation
A a ɑ
B b b
Ch ch tʃ
D d d
E e e
F f f
G g ɡ
H h h
I i i
J j dʒ
K k k
Kh kh kʰ
Kk kk kː
L l l
Ll ll lː
M m m
N n n
Ng ng ŋ
Nn nn nː
O o o
Ō ō oː
Ö ö ø
P p p
Ph ph pʰ
Pp pp pː
R r *r
S s s
Sh sh ʃ
Ss ss sː
T t t
Th th tʰ
Ts ts ts
Tt tt tː
U u u
Ū ū uː
Ü ü y
W w w
Y y j
Z z z
Zh zh ʒ

The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.

Grammars

Verbs

Voice

Tense and aspect

Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably three basic tenses (past, present and habitual), and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and three aspects (progressive, perfect and frequentative) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means.

Tense Aspect Morphology Example (using the verbs opk'ūja (sit) and kwedi (hear))
Remote Past -oCo1
-eCe1		 opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago
kwedede - heard a long time ago
Past -o
-e		 opk'ūjo - sat
kwede - heard
Present -ng opk'ūjang - sits
kweding - hears
Future k'ūdi VERB k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit
k'ūdi kwedi - will hear
Remote Future k'ūdik'ūdi VERB k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future
k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future
Remote Past Progressive
Past Progressive
Present Progressive
Future Progressive Remote Future Progressive
Remote Past Perfect ut VERB-oCo
ut VERB-eCe		 ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago
ut kwedede - had heard long ago
Past Perfect ut VERB-o
ut VERB-e		 ut opk'ūjo - had sut
ut kwede - had heard
Present Perfect ut VERB-ng ut opk'ūjang - have sut
ut kweding - have heard
Future Perfect k'ūdi VERB-ng k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut
k'ūdi kweding - will have heard
Remote Future Perfect k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future
k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future
Remote Past Frequentative -dede
-dodo		 opk'ūjadodo - sat around in different places long time ago
kwedidede - repeatedly heard things long ago
Past Frequentative -de
-do		 opk'ūjado - sat around in different places
kwedide - repeatedly heard things
Present Frequentative -di
-da		 opk'ūjada - sit around in different places
kwedidi - repeatedly hear things
Future Frequentative k'ūdi VERB-di
k'ūdi VERB-da		 k'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around in different places
k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
Remote Future Frequentative k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di
k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-da		 k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around in different places in the far future
k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future
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