Permic: Difference between revisions
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* Stable vowels: *i *ɯ *u *e *ɤ *a | * Stable vowels: *i *ɯ *u *e *ɤ *a | ||
* Mid round vowels: *ö *o → Udmurt /o o/ ~ Komi /e ɤ/ | * Mid round vowels: *ö *o → Udmurt /o o/ ~ Komi /e ɤ/ | ||
** There does not seem to be an *ü → **/u/ ~ **/i/. | ** (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/u/ ~ **/i/.) | ||
* A series of vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ → U. /u ɯ/ | * A series of vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ → U. /u ɯ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/ | ||
** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. | ** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. | ||
** Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos. This is written as *oo<sup>ð</sup>. | ** Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos. This is written as *oo<sup>ð</sup>. | ||
* A series of vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *åå *aa → U. /a a/ | * A series of vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *åå *aa → U. /a a/ ~ K. /o ɤ/ | ||
* Awaiting explanation | * Awaiting explanation | ||
** a correspondence | ** a correspondence '''/ɯ/ ~ /u/''': numerous, may be a split from *oo <!-- *repä--> | ||
** / | ** '''/e/ ~ /ɤ/''' (*pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća) | ||
** /ɯ/ ~ /e/ (* | ** '''/i/ ~ /ɯ/''' (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä) | ||
** '''/ɯ/ ~ /e/''' (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV) - may be a split from *ɯ | |||
** /i/ ~ /e/ (*śäŋki, *läppa) (*ee?) | |||
** /ɯ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara) | |||
** /ɯ/ ~ /o/ (*läkti-, *mäjaka) | ** /ɯ/ ~ /o/ (*läkti-, *mäjaka) | ||
** /u/ ~ /ɯ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa) | ** /u/ ~ /ɯ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa) | ||
** /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr) | ** /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti) | ||
** /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (* | ** /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än) | ||
** /u/ ~ /a/ (* | ** /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša) | ||
** / | ** /ɤ/ ~ /ɯ/ (*nôla) | ||
** / | ** /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka) | ||
** /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-) | ** /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-) | ||
** /o/ ~ /a/ (* | ** /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-) | ||
** /a/ ~ /u/ (* | ** /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi | ||
** /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw) (*ää?) | ** /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw) (*ää?) | ||
** /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt??) | ** /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt??) | ||
Revision as of 06:57, 9 November 2009
The Permic languages are a branch of Uralic languages spoken in west-central Russia. The family consists of Udmurt and Komi; the Permyak dialect of Komi is sometimes also included as a separate language.
Vowels
A reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:
- Stable vowels: *i *ɯ *u *e *ɤ *a
- Mid round vowels: *ö *o → Udmurt /o o/ ~ Komi /e ɤ/
- (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/u/ ~ **/i/.)
- A series of vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ → U. /u ɯ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
- In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/.
- Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos. This is written as *ooð.
- A series of vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *åå *aa → U. /a a/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
- Awaiting explanation
- a correspondence /ɯ/ ~ /u/: numerous, may be a split from *oo
- /e/ ~ /ɤ/ (*pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
- /i/ ~ /ɯ/ (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
- /ɯ/ ~ /e/ (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV) - may be a split from *ɯ
- /i/ ~ /e/ (*śäŋki, *läppa) (*ee?)
- /ɯ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara)
- /ɯ/ ~ /o/ (*läkti-, *mäjaka)
- /u/ ~ /ɯ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa)
- /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
- /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
- /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
- /ɤ/ ~ /ɯ/ (*nôla)
- /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
- /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
- /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
- /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
- /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw) (*ää?)
- /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt??)
- Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels
