Proto-Imperial: Difference between revisions

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=Proto-Imperial=
=Phonemes=


==Phonemes==
==Consonants==
 
The consonant system of Proto-Imperial is characterized by a large amount of plosives and affricates (here called stops), with 4 different manners of articulation: lenis, fortis, glottalized and prenasalized at 5 different points of articulation, as well as the glottal stop. On the other hand there are few fricatives, and no phonemic nasals.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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|-
|-


! rowspan="5" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;" | [[Obstruent]]
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[lenis consonant|lenis]]
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|ʦ}} || {{IPA|tɬ}} || {{IPA|ʨ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tˡ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || || {{IPA|k}} || || {{IPA|ʔ}} ||
|-
|-
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
 
| || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|tɬʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || || {{IPA|kʰ}} || ({{IPA|kʷʰ}}) || ||
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[fortis consonant|fortis]]
|-ʷ
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|ʦʰ}} || {{IPA|tɬʰ}} || {{IPA|ʨʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || ({{IPA|qʰ}}) ||  
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]
| || {{IPA|tʼ}} || {{IPA|tɬʼ}} ||  {{IPA|tsʼ}} || {{IPA|tʃʼ}} || || {{IPA|kʼ}} || || ||  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]
 
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | fortis
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]
| || || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|x}} || ({{IPA|xʷ}}) || ({{IPA|h}}) || ({{IPA|hʷ}})
| {{IPA|ɓ}} || {{IPA|tʼ}} || {{IPA|ʦʼ}} || {{IPA|tɬʼ}} || {{IPA|ʨʼ}} || {{IPA|kʼ}} || {{IPA|qʼ}} ||
|-
|-
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | lenis
 
| || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || {{IPA|ɣ}} || ({{IPA|ɣʷ}}) || ||  
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| {{IPA|mb}} || {{IPA|nd}} || {{IPA|nʣ}} || {{IPA|ndɮ}} || {{IPA|ɲʥ}} || {{IPA|ŋg}} || {{IPA|ɴɢ}} ||  
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;" | [[Sonorant]]
 
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | plain
| || || {{IPA|s}} ||  || {{IPA|ɕ}} || || || {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || || ||  
|-
 
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| || ||  || {{IPA|l}} || ({{IPA|j}}) || ({{IPA|w}}) || ||  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Glottalization|glottalized]]
 
| ({{IPA|mʼ}}) || ({{IPA|nʼ}}) || || || || || || || ||  
|}
 
The central approximants /w/ and /j/ can be treated as consonantal allophones of /u/ and /i/ respectively.
 
 
==Vowels==
 
Proto-Imperial has three contrastive [[vowel]] qualities {{IPA|[i, u, a]}} at two different vowel heights (high, low). There are also two contrastive [[vowel length]]s and a contrast in [[nasalization]]. This results in 12 phonemic vowels, shown below.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''Oral, Long''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Glide]]
! [[Close vowel|High]]
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | plain
| {{IPA|iː}} || {{IPA|uː}}
| || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || ({{IPA|w}}) || ||
|-
|-
! style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | glottalized
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| || || || || || ({{IPA|jʼ}}) || || ({{IPA|wʼ}}) || ||  
| {{IPA|aː}}||  
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''Oral, Short''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA|a}} ||
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''Nasal, Long''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|ĩː}} || {{IPA|ũː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| {{IPA|ãː}}||
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''Nasal, Short''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|ĩ}} || {{IPA|ũ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| {{IPA|ã}}||
|}
There are also 2 oral and 2 nasal diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ãɪ and ãʊ

Revision as of 00:43, 30 September 2009

Phonemes

Consonants

The consonant system of Proto-Imperial is characterized by a large amount of plosives and affricates (here called stops), with 4 different manners of articulation: lenis, fortis, glottalized and prenasalized at 5 different points of articulation, as well as the glottal stop. On the other hand there are few fricatives, and no phonemic nasals.

Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Velar Uvular Glottal
plain fricated lateral
Stop lenis p t ʦ tɬ ʨ k q ʔ
fortis pʰ tʰ ʦʰ tɬʰ ʨʰ kʰ (qʰ)
glottalized ɓ tʼ ʦʼ tɬʼ ʨʼ kʼ qʼ
prenasalized mb nd nʣ ndɮ ɲʥ ŋg ɴɢ
Fricative s ɕ h
Approximant l (j) (w)

The central approximants /w/ and /j/ can be treated as consonantal allophones of /u/ and /i/ respectively.


Vowels

Proto-Imperial has three contrastive vowel qualities [i, u, a] at two different vowel heights (high, low). There are also two contrastive vowel lengths and a contrast in nasalization. This results in 12 phonemic vowels, shown below.

Oral, Long
Front Back
High iː uː
Low aː
Oral, Short
Front Back
High i u
Low a
Nasal, Long
Front Back
High ĩː ũː
Low ãː
Nasal, Short
Front Back
High ĩ ũ
Low ã

There are also 2 oral and 2 nasal diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ãɪ and ãʊ

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