Proto-Uralic/Ä: Difference between revisions
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m (reconstruction) |
(rest of *lä, some *mä) |
||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
| || || || || || || || || | | || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |||
| "mound" | |||
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *méktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mektə | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "to hide" | | "to hide" | ||
| Line 65: | Line 68: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to bind" | | "to bind" | ||
| - || - || kärks || kera- || U. gerd, kert- ~ K. gɤrd, kɤrt- || ''kür-, küür-'' || '' | | - || - || kärks || kera- || U. gerd, kert- ~ K. gɤrd, kɤrt- || ''kür-, küür-'' || '''*kiir-''' || '''*kiir-''' || | ||
| Cf. prev. | | Cf. prev. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 84: | Line 87: | ||
| "to fish" | | "to fish" | ||
| - || - || - || *kelðə- || *kaalt- || || || || | | - || - || - || *kelðə- || *kaalt- || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "lung" | | "lung" | ||
| Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to depart" | | "to depart" | ||
| *lähte- || *léktɤ- || Er. '''ĺivte-''' ~ Mo. <font color="red">'''ĺište-'''</font> || '''*lääkta-''' || U. lɯkt- ~ K. lokt- || - || - || style="color:red"| '''* | | *lähte- || *léktɤ- || Er. '''ĺivte-''' ~ Mo. <font color="red">'''ĺište-'''</font> || '''*lääkta-''' || U. lɯkt- ~ K. lokt- || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*ɬüüɣət-''' || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "near" | | "near" | ||
| *lähe- || - || - || || || || - || - || *jet- | | *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jet- | ||
| Cf. prev. | | Cf. prev. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "warm" | | "warm" | ||
| *lämpe- || - || || || || || - || - || *jempə- | | *lämpe- || - || ĺämbä || '''*leewə''' || - || || - || - || *jempə- | ||
| Smy. "clothes" | | Smy. "clothes" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 118: | Line 118: | ||
| "worm" | | "worm" | ||
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *päärk || - || - | | - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *päärk || - || - | ||
|- | |||
| "heavy" | |||
| *läülV || *lévlɤ || - || *lelə <!-- Hi. nelə-->|| - || - || - || - || - | |||
| Ms. *ĺuuĺ "weak", Kh. *ɬöɬ "cold" prob. don't belong | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10" | std. PU *äx_i | ! colspan="10" | std. PU *äx_i | ||
| Line 143: | Line 147: | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| std. PU *ä_a | ! colspan="10"| std. PU *ä_a | ||
|- | |||
| "to ambush" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - || les- || style="color:red"| *lääć- || style="color:red"| *lääśi- || | |||
|- | |||
| "to breathe" | |||
| *läkähtä- || - || läka- || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| NB no palz. in Mo? | |||
|- | |||
| "friend" | |||
| - || *lávé || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || - | |||
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? | |||
|- | |||
| "flap" | |||
| *läppä || '''*lépɤ''' || - || style="color:red"| *leweða || *leep <!-- U. ĺip ~ K. lep-->|| lep || '''*liip''' || - || - | |||
| Mari cf. F. *lewedä "wide" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "lasso" | | "lasso" | ||
| Line 210: | Line 229: | ||
| ''*kaalat-'' || *kálé- || käĺe- || *kela- || U. kol- ~ K. kel- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küül-''' || - | | ''*kaalat-'' || *kálé- || käĺe- || *kela- || U. kol- ~ K. kel- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küül-''' || - | ||
| F. ← S.? | | F. ← S.? | ||
|- | |||
| "to choke" | |||
| - || - || - || - || U. ''džok-, čok-'' ~ K. ''džag-, ček-'' || - || *šääk- || '''*čääk-''' || - | |||
|- | |||
| "to fly" | |||
| - || - || - || - || U. lob- ~ K. leb- || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || - | |||
| Rather *e. Cf. F. *lentä- ?? | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "beaver" | | "beaver" | ||
| Line 223: | Line 249: | ||
| "gall" | | "gall" | ||
| '''*sappi''' || *sáppé || säpä || - || U. sep ~ K. sɤp || epe || *tääp || - || - | | '''*sappi''' || *sáppé || säpä || - || U. sep ~ K. sɤp || epe || *tääp || - || - | ||
|- | |||
| "to prepare" | |||
| - || *láčé- || - || *ləəšte- || U. leśal- ~ K. lɤśal- || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "board" | | "board" | ||
| Line 246: | Line 275: | ||
| "to fill" | | "to fill" | ||
| *täwti || style="color:red"| *tévtɤ || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || U. dol- ~ K. dɤl- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teel || style="color:red"| *terə | | *täwti || style="color:red"| *tévtɤ || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || U. dol- ~ K. dɤl- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teel || style="color:red"| *terə | ||
|- | |||
| "scab" | |||
| - || - || E. ĺeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || U. lom ~ K. lɤm || - || - || - || - | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| Rather loans in part | ! colspan="10"| Rather loans in part | ||
| Line 268: | Line 300: | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
| || || || || || || || || | | || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |||
| "hill" | |||
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*müüɣ''' || - | |||
|- | |||
| "alder" | |||
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "to choke" | |||
| - || *lɤppɤsé- || ĺäpija- || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "valley" | |||
| - || *leaké || ĺäj || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| Cf. *lakc'i | |||
|- | |||
| "berry stew" | |||
| - || - || - || - || K. ĺaz || - || - || *lös || - | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "weak" | | "weak" | ||
Revision as of 06:26, 1 September 2009
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| std. PU *ä_i (= *a_i ?) | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "mound" | *mättäs | *méktɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *mektə | |
| "to hide" | *kätke- | - | *käkše- | |||||||
| "cradle" | *kätküt | *kétkɤ- | - | - | U. kɤkɯ | - | - | - | *ketə- | Cf. prev. |
| "to suffer" | *kärsi- | *kértɤ- | kiŕđe- | *kerða-, *kerta- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. *hardja- |
| "string" | *jänti | - | - | - | - | ideg | *jääntəɣ ? | *jöntəɣ | *jentə | |
| "a bird" | E. ähk | - | šäkši | *ćećkem | K. čakčej | - | - | - | - | |
| "hand" | *käti | *kétɤ | käď | *kit | *ki | keez | *käät | *kööt | - | |
| "power" | *väki | *vékɤ | vij | *vij | *vi | vele- ? | *wääɣ | *wööɣ | - | |
| "ice" | *jää | *jéŋɤ | *jäŋ | *ij | *jɤɤ | jeeg | *jääŋk | *jööŋk | *jaŋ | *jäŋi |
| "to become cold" | *jäähty- | *jéŋsó- | jäkše- | *jükše- | - | - | - | *jöɣɬi- | - | *jäŋ-(k)šti- |
| "to freeze" | (*jääty-) | - | - | - | K. jɤd- | - | *jäänt- | *jentəl- | *jäŋ-ta | |
| "thigh" | *sääri | - | śäjäŕ | - | K. ćɤr | - | - | - | - | maybe rather *śäxiri than *śäjiri |
| "head" | *pää | *péŋɤ | pe | - | *pooŋ | fej | *pääŋk | - | - | NMs puŋk? |
| "louse" | *täi | - | - | *tij | U. täj ~ K. toj | tetüü | *tääkmə | *tööɣtəm | - | S. *tíkɤ ← Gmc? |
| "to see" | *näke- | *nékɤ- | näj- | - | U. naal- ? | neez- | *nääɣəl- | *nii- | - | |
| "to wrap" | *kääri- | *kérɤ- | *käärɤk | *keerää | *ker- | Cf. *kêri | ||||
| "to bind" | - | - | kärks | kera- | U. gerd, kert- ~ K. gɤrd, kɤrt- | kür-, küür- | *kiir- | *kiir- | Cf. prev. | |
| "sister-in-law" | *kälü | *kálój | kel | - | U. kaĺi ~ K. kel | - | - | *köölə | *kelə | |
| "bit, to cut" | *säŋki | *čéŋkɤ- | śive- | - | *ćeeg- | seg- | *sääŋk- | *sööŋk- | - | |
| "breast" | - | *mélkɤ | mälkä | *mel | U. mɯl | mell | *määɣəl | *mööɣəl | - | F. *mälvi "bird breast? |
| "rope" | *kewti | *kévðɤ | - | Hi. kəl ~ Me. kɤl | *kaal | - | *kʷääləɣ | *kööləɣ | *kürə | Smy *äw → *ü ? West *e? |
| "to fish" | - | - | - | *kelðə- | *kaalt- | |||||
| "lung" | *tävü | - | ťevlav | - | *tɯ | tüdöö | - | - | *tejwä ? | Cf. "to fill" |
| "to hide" | *kätke- | *kétkɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ketə- | |
| "to depart" | *lähte- | *léktɤ- | Er. ĺivte- ~ Mo. ĺište- | *lääkta- | U. lɯkt- ~ K. lokt- | - | - | *ɬüüɣət- | - | |
| "near" | *lähe- | - | - | *lišnə | - | - | - | - | *jet- | Cf. prev. |
| "warm" | *lämpe- | - | ĺämbä | *leewə | - | - | - | *jempə- | Smy. "clothes" | |
| "woodpecker" | *kärki | - | kärgä | *kerɣə | *kɯr | - | - | - | - | |
| "nose" | - | *nérɤ | *ńäŕ | *ner | *nɯr | - | - | *niir | *ńärə | |
| "trace" | *jälki | - | - | - | - | jel | - | *jääɣəl | *je | Smy. "foot" |
| "worm" | - | - | - | - | K. perk | feerëg | *päärk | - | - | |
| "heavy" | *läülV | *lévlɤ | - | *lelə | - | - | - | - | - | Ms. *ĺuuĺ "weak", Kh. *ɬöɬ "cold" prob. don't belong |
| std. PU *äx_i | ||||||||||
| "tongue" | *keeli | *kélɤ | *käĺ | *kəl | *kɯl | - | *kääl | *kööl | *keəj | |
| "broth" | *leemi | *lémɤ | *ĺäm | *lem | U. lɯm ~ K. ĺem | lee | *lääm | - | - | |
| "mind" | *meeli | *mélɤ | *mäĺ | - | *mɯl | - | - | - | - | |
| "side" | *veeri | *vérɤ | *väŕä | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to swallo" | *neele- | *ńélɤ- | ńiĺe- | *nela- | *ńɯl(ɯ)- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeel- | *nɤl- | West *ńeeli, East *ńäl |
| "fine, thin" | *heeno | - | - | - | K. dženɯt | - | - | - | - | Weak; ambiguous. |
| std. PU *ä_a | ||||||||||
| "to ambush" | - | - | - | - | - | les- | *lääć- | *lääśi- | ||
| "to breathe" | *läkähtä- | - | läka- | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB no palz. in Mo? |
| "friend" | - | *lávé | - | - | - | - | N. leekʷ | *ɬöɣ | - | Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU? |
| "flap" | *läppä | *lépɤ | - | *leweða | *leep | lep | *liip | - | - | Mari cf. F. *lewedä "wide" |
| "lasso" | *lämsä | *lámčé | - | - | K. leć | - | *liis | *liis | - | |
| "paw" | *käpsä | - | - | *küpš | U. kus- ~ K. kɯs, køs | - | *kʷäät | *kööpəɬ | - | |
| "paw" | *käppä | - | käpä | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev. |
| "this" | *tämä | *tá | tä | Hi. ti ~ Me. tɤ | *ta | te- | *ti | *te ? | *tê- | East *tê |
| "needle" | *äjmä | *ájmé | - | *imə | K. jem | - | - | - | *ejmä | Ma. *äj → *i? |
| "tongue" | - | *ńálmé | - | *ńəlmə | - | ńelv, ńeev | *ńiiləm | *ńääləm | *nåjmå | *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma |
| "spleen" | - | *ðápðé | - | *lepə | *loop | leep | - | *leepət | Ne. rapseä | *-pð- ?? |
| "branch" | - | *sáré | - | šer ? | U. -ser | eer | *täär | *ɬeer | - | |
| "woman; weasel" | - | *káðvé | - | - | - | hölɟ | *kääĺ | *kööjəɣ | *kejwä | |
| "to annoy" | - | *áré- | - | - | - | - | *äärt- | *eerət- | Arrête! ;) | |
| "to cut" | *sälä | *čálé- | - | *šela- | *ćaal- | sel- | *sil- | *süül- | *selä- | |
| "to load" | *sälyttä- | - | - | *tääl- | *ɬeel- | *tij- | ||||
| "water" | - | *čácé | - | - | - | - | - | *seeč- | Ne. sada | |
| "bone" | *tähteh | *tákté | - | - | - | tetem | - | - | - | F. "leftovers" |
| "bog" | (*jäŋkä) | *jeaŋké | - | - | K. jeg | - | *jääŋk | *jeeŋk | - | F. ← S. |
| "sun" | *päjvä | *peajvé | - | - | K. bi | - | - | - | *pejwä | |
| "lichen" | *jäkälä | *jeakél | - | - | K. jal | - | - | - | - | |
| "side" | *peeli | *pealé | päĺ | *pel | *paal | feel | *pääl | *peelək | *pelä | Finnic length by analogy of *veeri, *pooli? |
| "to wade" | *kaalat- | *kálé- | käĺe- | *kela- | U. kol- ~ K. kel- | kel- | *kʷääl- | *küül- | - | F. ← S.? |
| "to choke" | - | - | - | - | U. džok-, čok- ~ K. džag-, ček- | - | *šääk- | *čääk- | - | |
| "to fly" | - | - | - | - | U. lob- ~ K. leb- | lebëg-, libëg- | - | - | - | Rather *e. Cf. F. *lentä- ?? |
| "beaver" | *majaka | *májéké | mijav | - | U. mɯj ~ K. moj | - | - | - | - | |
| "elm" | *salaka | - | śäĺi | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. "willow", cf. *halaka "ibid." ← Gmc. |
| "power" | *tarmo | *tármó | - | - | - | - | *teeriŋ ?! | *täärəm | - | |
| "gall" | *sappi | *sáppé | säpä | - | U. sep ~ K. sɤp | epe | *tääp | - | - | |
| "to prepare" | - | *láčé- | - | *ləəšte- | U. leśal- ~ K. lɤśal- | |||||
| "board" | *parti | - | - | - | *päärt | *peert | - | |||
| "place" | *ase- | - | eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Ne. ŋäso | |
| With Permic o~ɤ (all very irregular) | ||||||||||
| "winter" | *talvi | *tálvé | Er. tele, Mk. ƭala | *tel | U. tol ~ K. tɤl | teel | *tääl | *teləɣ | ||
| "to order" | *käske- | - | - | *küštə- | U. kos- ~ K. kɤs | |||||
| "joint" | *jäsen | - | jäźńä | Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. jɤžəŋ | U. joz ~ K. jɤz | iiz | - | - | - | |
| "to turn" | *kääntä- | - | - | - | U. kož- ~ K. kɤž- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to fill" | *täwti | *tévtɤ | - | *tić | U. dol- ~ K. dɤl- | tel- | *tääɣəl | *teel | *terə | |
| "scab" | - | - | E. ĺeme | Hi. lim ~ Me. lümö | U. lom ~ K. lɤm | - | - | - | - | |
| Rather loans in part | ||||||||||
| "crust" | *kärnä | *kearné | kšńat | - | - | - | *käärńə- | F & S. ← Gmc. *herna | ||
| "to go" | *käve- | - | - | Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan |
- väsi- "tired" in F. & S. ← Gmc.
- väšä- "small" in FSM. ← Gmc.
