Qwynegold

Qwynegold is an artlang, spoken in the island of Qwynegold, which is located in the Malackan strait. The language has borrowed heavily from European languages, as well as its neighboring Asian languages. Qwynegold has two main dialect groups: Qwadralónia /kwʌd.ra.loˑ.nia/ and Quadralónia /kwad.ra.loˑ.nia/. In this article, as a shorthand, purple color has been used to indicate that something is written in Qwadralónia and green for Quadralónia. Purple is the traditional color of Qwadralónia speakers, while green is that of Quadralónians.

Qwynegold
Pronounced:	/ˈkwy.ne.gold/
Timeline and Universe:	Real world, modern time
Species:	Human
Spoken:	Demokrītivas Kyngestāt r'Qwynegold/Demokriites Kyngestaat r'Qwynegold
Total speakers:	Appr. 46,000
Writing system:	Extended Latin alphabet
Genealogy:	Isolate
Typology
Morphology:	Fusional
Morphosyntax:	Nominal
Word order:	SVO
Credits
Creator:	Qwynegold
Created:	1998 (?) - 2009

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Phonology

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m						n						ŋ
Plosive	p	b					t	d					k	g
Fricative			f	v			s	z	ʃ		ɕ		ɧ		h
Affricate							ts		tʃ	dʒ
Velar cluster		kw					ks
Long consonant							tt	nː lː
Approximants												j		ɰ
Trill								r
Lateral Approximant								l

The above table shows the exact phonetic transcription of the vowels, but the following, simpler transcription will be used from here on:

Exact transcription	Simple transcription	Orthography
ɐ̞	a	a
ʌ̞	ʌ	a
e̠̽	e	e
e̝	e̝	e
ɪ̝	ɪ	i
i	i	i
o̜̽	o	o
o̹˖	o̹	o
u̜˕	u	u
u̹˖	u̹	u
ʏ̜˔	ʏ	y
y̹	y	y
æ̠	æ	ä/æ
ɛ̠˕	ɛ	ä/æ
ø̠̽	ø	ö/ø
œ̠	œ	ö/ø

Qwynegold has three length distinctions in vowels and two in consonants. The long consonants are considered to be in two different syllables at once, hence they are here transcribed as [p.p], [b.b], etc. There are three special long consonants that act as single phonemic units: [lː], [nː] and [tt]. These do not have a syllable break between them, like the others have. Besides the [lː], [nː] and [tt], the forms [l.l], [n.n] and [t.t] also exist.

Orthography

Alphabet and pronunciation

A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Ä ä/Æ æ, Ö ö/Ø ø,  ,  

Letter	Pronunciation
A a	a ʌ
B b	b
C c	s k
D d	d
E e	e e̝
F f	f
G g	g
H h	h
I i	ɪ i
J j	j
K k	k
L l	l
M m	m
N n	n
O o	o o̹
P p	p
Q q	k
R r	r
S s	s
T t	t
U u	u u̹
V v	v
W w	w
X x	ks
Y y	ʏ y
Z z	ts z
Ä ä Æ æ	æ ɛ
Ö ö Ø ø	ø œ
	ɧ
	ɕ

This is the order of the Qwynegoldian alphabet. The Qwadralónia dialects use Ää and Öö, while the Quadralónia dialects instead use Ææ and Øø. Half-long vowels are indicated by an acute accent (´) over the vowel in both dialects. Long vowel are marked by macron (¯) in Qwadralónia, and by doubling the vowel in Quadralónia.

Qwynegold also uses several digraphs as can be seen in this table (capital V stands for any vowel):

Digraph	Pronounciation
ch	tʃ
dz	dʒ
ng	ŋ
quV	kwV
sh	ʃ
xh	kʃ

Tense and lax phonemes

Lax	Tense	Letter
a	ʌ	a
e	e̟	e
ɪ	i	i
o	o̹	o
u	u̹	u
ʏ	y	y
æ	ɛ	ä/æ
ø	œ	ö/ø
ts	z	z

Some of the phonemes (16 vowels and 2 consonants) in Qwynegold come in pairs, which could be described as tense and lax. (Note however that Qwynegold does not have vowel harmony.) The lax phonemes are much more common than the tense ones. Both phonemes in a pair share the same letter, but whenever a tense phoneme appears in a word, it is indicated by a change of one of the other letters in the same syllable.

Ordinary letter	1° alternation	2° alternation
ch	zh	tsh
i	y
j	y
k	q	c
quV	kwV	qw
s	c
x	ks
xh	ksh
z	ts

If there are two tense phonemes in the same syllable, then two letters will alternate, if there are two letters that are capable of that. But if there is only one alternable letter, then it will turn into its 1° form. If there are three tense phonemes in one syllable, then a similar manner is used except with the 2° form.

Some examples with random syllables: lak /lak/ - laq /lʌk/ sen /sen/ - cen /se̟n/ syik /syik/ - cyik /sy̟ik/ - syiq /syi̟k/ - cyiq /sy̟i̟k/ chjuz /tʃjuts/ - chyuz /tʃju̟ts/ or /tʃjuz/ - zhyuz /tʃju̟z/ - tshjuz /tʃju̟z/

Silent <e> and <h>

Besides altering one of the other letters, there is another way to mark that a tense phoneme is present. If tense phoneme is in the last syllable of the word, a silent <e> may be added at the end of the word. If a word ends with an <e> that is supposed to be pronounced, then a silent <h> is added at the end of the word.

The letter <c>

The letter <c> stands for /s/ when followed directly or indirectly by <e>, <i>, <y>, <ä/æ> or <ö/ø> in the same syllable, or if it's syllable-final and preceded either directly or indirectly by any of the abovementioned vowels. In all other cases it stands for /k/. (The digraph <ch> however stands for/tʃ/.)

Grammars

Nouns

Type of noun declension	Declension	Prefix in Qwadralónia	Example in Qwadralónia	Prefix in Quadralónia	Example in Quadralónia
Number	Singular	-	medi - house	-	medi - house
Number	Plural	d'-	d'medi - houses	d'-	d'medi - houses
Case	Genitive	r'-	r'medi - house's	r'-	r'medi - house's
Case	Locative	ér-	tau érmedi - in the house	ér-	tau érmedi - in the house
Number/case	Plural-genitive	dz'-	dz'medi - houses'	dz'-	dz'medi - houses'
Number/case	Plural-locative	dér-	tau dérmedi - in the houses	dér-	tau dérmedi - in the houses

The dependent preceeds the noun genitive case. An adverb preceeds nouns with the locative case, see Location for an explanation of how the locative case is used.

Verbs

Verbs in Qwynegold can end in -a, -i, -o, -ejn or -n. The suffixes behave regularly when attached to vowel final verbs, but the -n and -jn class of verbs are a little different. In the following table, three verbs are used as examples: etoli (run), döyshän/duyshæn (*?) and trejn (train).

Type of verb conjugation	Conjugation	Affix in Qwadralónia	Example in Qwadralónia	Suffix in Quadralónia	Example in Quadralónia
Tense/aspect	Pluperfect	-(')tlan, -dlan	Ix etoli'tlan - I had run Ix döyshäntlan - *? Ix trejdlan - I had trained	-(')tlan, -dlan	Ix etoli'tlan - I had run Ix duyshæntlan - *? Ix trejdlan - I had trained
Tense/aspect	Present perfect	-(')tla, -dla	Ix etoli'tla - I have run Ix döyshäntla - *? Ix trejdla - I have trained	-(')tla, -dla	Ix etoli'tla - I have run Ix duyshæntla - *? Ix trejdla - I have trained
Tense	Preterite	-hyeh, -jyeh	Ix etolihyeh - I ran Ix döyshänhyeh - *? Ix trenjyeh - I trained	-hyeh, -jyeh	Ix etolihyeh - I ran Ix duyshænhyeh - *? Ix trenjyeh - I trained
Tense	Present simple	-h(e), -g	Ix etolih - I run Ix döyshäng - *? Ix trejng - I train	-h(e), -g	Ix etolih - I run Ix duyshæng - *? Ix trejng - I train
Tense	Future	-(')hwá	Ix etoli'hwá - I will run Ix döyshänhwá - *? Ix trejnhwá - I will train	-huá	Ix etolihuá - I will run Ix duyshænhuá - *? Ix trejnhuá - I will train
Tense/aspect	Future perfect	-(')hwán	Ix etoli'hwán - I will have run Ix döyshänhwán - *? Ix trejnhwán - I will have trained	-huan	Ix etolihuan - I will have run Ix duyshænhuan - *? Ix trejnhuan - I will have trained
	*Connecting	-tāw, -dāw	Ix hakaritāw etolih - I begin to run *döyshäntāw *trejdāw	-taaw, -daaw	Ix hakaritaaw etolih - I begin to run *duyshæntaaw *trejdaaw
Mood	Imperative	<lengthening of last vowel>, -ē-	Etolī - Run! Döyshn - *? Trejēn - Train!	<lengthening of last vowel>, -ee	Etolii - Run! Duyshææn - *? Trejnee - Train!
Mood	Hortatory	-ou, -jou, -£ou	etoliou - let's run döyshänou - *? trenjou - let's train	-ou, -jou, -£ou	etoliou - let's run duyshænou - *? trenjou - let's train
Mood	Interrogative	-í	Uz etolií? - Do you run? Uz döyshäní - *? Uz karate trejní? - Do you train karate?	-í	Uz etolií? - Do you run? Uz duyshæní - *? Uz karate trejní? - Do you train karate?
Mood	Hypothetical	-et	Ix etoliet etoli'hwá... - If I would run... Ix döyshänet döyshänhwá - *? Ix trejnet trejnhwá karate... - If I would train karate...	-et	Ix etoliet etolihuá... - If I would run... Ix duyshænet duyshænhuá - *? Ix trejnet trejnhuá karate... - If I would train karate...
Mood	Conditional	-	-	-was	...huo etolwas etolihuá - ...then s/he would run ...huo duyshænwas duyshænhuá - *? ...huo trejnwas trejnhuá - ...then s/he would train

The present simple tense is unmarked if used together with any mood. When a mood needs to be used together with any other tense than present simple, the following scheme is used: VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE. What this means is that the verb is reduplicated.

Fvangajou d'dvenra!
Fvanga-jou	d'-dvendra
catch-HORT-(PRES)	PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!

Fvangajou d'dvendra!
Fvanga-jou	d'-dvendra
catch-HORT-(PRES)	PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!

Fvangajou fvanga'hwá d'dvendra!*
Fvanga-jou	fvanga-'hwá	d'-dvendra
catch-HORT	catch-FUT	PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!

Fvangajou fvangahuá d'dvendra!*
Fvanga-jou	fvanga-huá	d'-dvendra
catch-HORT	catch-FUT	PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!

The interrogative mood can be used together with any other mood, but all other moods are mutually exclusive. When the interrogative is used with another mood and present simple tense, the verb must again be reduplicated, but this time in the form of VERB VERB-MOOD. The first verb is the interrogative, but the suffix from it is dropped. The simple tense is again unmarked. The verb is always moved to the end of the sentence when it has interrogative mood.

Uz d'dvendra fvangaí?
Uz	d'-dvendra	fvanga-í
2S	PL-butterfly	catch-INT-(PRES)
Do you catch butterflies?

Uz d'dvendra fvangaí?
Uz	d'-dvendra	fvanga-í
2S	PL-butterfly	catch-INT-(PRES)
Do you catch butterflies?

d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou?
d'-Dvendra	fvanga	fvanga-jou
PL-butterfly	catch-(INT)-(PRES)	catch-HORT
Shall we catch butterflies?

d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou?
d'-Dvendra	fvanga	fvanga-jou
PL-butterfly	catch-(INT)-(PRES)	catch-HORT
Shall we catch butterflies?

If a verb is used together with the interrogative, another mood, and a tense that is not present simple, then the usual VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE format is used, without marking the interrogative. Because the verb is moved to the end of the sentence, it is clear that the sentence is a question.

d'Dvendra fvangajou fvanga'hwá?*
d'-Dvendra	fvanga-jou	fvanga-'hwá
PL-butterfly	catch-HORT	catch-FUT
Shall we catch butterflies?

d'Dvendra fvangajou fvangahuá?*
d'-Dvendra	fvanga-jou	fvanga-huá
PL-butterfly	catch-HORT	catch-FUT
Shall we catch butterflies?

The conditional mood, which is used to mark what the consequnce of some action would be, only exists in Quadralónia. In Qwadralónia, an explanation clause just follows an if-clause without any marking.

Uz fvanget leprekān, huo heo'hwá gould
Uz	fvang-et	leprekān	huo	heo-'hwá	gould
2S	catch-HYP-(PRES)	leprechaun	3S	give-FUT	gold
If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold.

Uz fvanget leprekaan, huo hewas heohuá gould
Uz	fvang-et	leprekaan	huo	heo-was	heo-huá	gould
2S	catch-HYP-(PRES)	leprechaun	3S	give-COND	give-FUT	gold
If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold.

Verbal morphophonology in Qwadralónia

• The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
• When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ·ɪˑ↓] (only the final [ɪˑ] is ingressive.
• When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.

Verbal morphophonology in Quadralónia

• The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
• When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ·ɪˑ↓] (only the final [ɪˑ] is ingressive.
• When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.
• When the conditional suffix is used, the verb must be turned into its reduced stem form before the suffix is attached.

Copula

Qwynegold has two copulas, ze ['z] and ejn ['ejn]. Ze is used for describing what something is, while ejn is used for describing where something is. Ze is however dropped when between a noun and an adjective.

d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei.
d'-Xubu	ze	d'-ambtelei
PL-tooth	is	PL-bone
Teeth are bones.

d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei.
d'-Xubu	ze	d'-ambtelei
PL-tooth	is	PL-bone
Teeth are bones.

Th lūna jiew.
Th	lūna	jiew
the	moon	light
The moon has a light color.

La lúna jiew.
La	lúna	jiew
the	moon	light
The moon has a light color.

Arktis ejn nort.
Arktis	ejn	nort
Arctica	is	north
The Arctica is in the north.

Arktis ejn nordt.
Arktis	ejn	nordt
Arctica	is	north
The Arctica is in the north.

Adjectives

Comparison	Suffix in Qwadralónia	Example in Qwadralónia	Suffix in Quadralónia	Example in Quadralónia
Positive	-	guo - good lkongivas - forested terroevas - terrible	-	gao - good lkonges - forested øedhæides - terrible
Comparative	-ng	guong - better lkonging - more forested terroeng - more terrible	-lio	gaolio - better lkongelio - more forested øedhæidelio - more terrible
Superlative	-lao	guolao - best lkongilao - most forested terroelao - most terrible	-lao	gaolao - best lkongelao - most forested øedhæidelao - most terrible

Adjective morphophonology in Qwadralónia

Adjectives with the derivative ending -vas (see Derivation below) lose the -vas when the comparative or superlative suffix is added (if the derivative ending contains the epenthetic -i-, the -i- is kept however.

Adjective morphophonology in Quadralónia

Adjectives with the derivative ending -(d)es (see Derivation below) keep the -(d)e- but lose the -s when the comparative or superlative suffix is added.

Article

There is a definite article in Qwynegold, influenced by European languages (English in the case of Qwadralónia and Spanish in the case of Quadralónia). The definite article is th in Qwadralónia and la in Quadralónia. The article preceeds the noun it refers to, except in one case in Qwadralónia, see Location.

Syntax

In an active voice sentence, the word order is SVO. Neither voice or what sentence element a noun belongs to is marked in Qwynegold. Pronouns however do have an accusative case.

Th heponen cö́gah d'apleh.
Th	heponen	cö́ga-h	d'-apleh
the	horse	search-PRES	PL-apple
The horse is looking for apples.

La hestia cærhah d'æpla.
La	hestia	cærha-h	d'-æpla
the	horse	search-PRES	PL-apple
The horse is looking for apples.

Transitivity is also unmarked, so intransitive sentences simply have the structure of SV.

Ix lin'gwah nwon!
Ix	lin'gwa-h	nwon
I	speak-PRES	now
I'm speaking now!

Ix linggwah nyije!
Ix	linggwa-h	nyije
I	speak-PRES	now
I'm speaking now!

Location

The structure (Th) NOUN₁ ejn ADV érNOUN₂ (th) is used in Qwadralónia to describe where something is. NOUN₂ is the place where it is located, and NOUN₁ is what is located there. Quadralónia has a different place of the article: (La) NOUN₁ ejn (la) ADV érNOUN₂.

Th apleh ejn tau éruvon th.
Th	apleh	ejn	tau	ér-uvon	th
The	apple	is	inside	GEN-oven	the
The apple is in the oven.

La æpla ejn la tau érungnov.
La	æpla	ejn	la	tau	ér-ungnov
The	apple	is	the	inside	GEN-oven
The apple is in the oven.

List of the most common adverbs

English	Qwadralónia	Quadralónia
above	upon	upon
far from	lāo	lua
in; inside	tau	tau
near	vutalieh	vutijaeh
next to	asun	asun
on (top of)	fued	fued
under	hua	hua

The NOUN₂ can be dropped, if it is clear from context what is meant, except when the adverb is fued. The locational pronouns koa (here), uej (there-2^nd p.) and est (there-3^rd p.) are always used this way.

Huo ejn tau.
Huo	ejn	tau
3SG	is	inside
S/he is inside (indoors).

Huo ejn tau.
Huo	ejn	tau
3SG	is	inside
S/he is inside (indoors).

Poly d'mango ejn est.
Poly	d'-mango	ejn	est
Many	PL-mango	is	there.3P
There are many mangoes over there.

Poly d'mango ejn est.
Poly	d'-mango	ejn	est
Many	PL-mango	is	there.3P
There are many mangoes over there.

Derivation

Derivational affixes marked by a dagger (†) only exist in foreign loanwords.

Name of derivation (if there exists any)	Function	Affix in Qwadralónia	Example in Qwadralónia	Affix in Quadralónia	Example in Quadralónia
Demonym	Turns the name of a country into a word for an inhabitant of that country	-iósa	Sverje > Sverjiósa - Sweden > Swede	-iósa	Sverje > Sverjiósa - Sweden > Swede
	Turns the name of a country into a word for the language spoken there	-ióla	Sverje > Sverjióla - Sweden > Swedish	-ióla	Sverje > Sverjióla - Sweden > Swedish
Infinitive	Turns a verb into a noun (the act of doing X)	-	etoli - running; to run	-	etoli - running; to run
	Turns a verb into a noun which is the result of the act of the verb	<verb is reduced to it's stem>	etoli > etol - run > running	<verb is reduced to it's stem>	etoli > etol - run > running
†	Turns a verb into a noun as an occurrence (Xtion; Xsion)	-£ion	evolu£ion - evolution	-§ion	evolu§ion - evolution
	Turns a verb into a person performing the act	-ua	raiha > raihua - survive > survivor	-ua	raiha > raihua - survive > survivor
	Turns an adjective into a noun	<adjective is reduced to it's stem>	sardo > sard - red > redness	<adjective is reduced to it's stem>	sumhao > sumha - red > redness
	Turns a noun into an adjective (has the property of X)	-(i)vas, -i	vest > vestivas - west > western aqua > aquavas - water > watery lux > luxi - light (N.) > light (Adj.)	-(d)es, -i	vest > vestes - west > western aqua > aquades - water > watery lus > lusi - light (N.) > light (Adj.)
Past passive participle	Turns a verb into an adjective describing what something is subjected to	-uk	lin'gwa > lin'gwauk - speak > spoken döyshän > döyshänuk - *? trejn > trejnuk - train > trained	-<vowel length>t, -eet	linggwa > linggwaat - speak > spoken duyshæn > duyshæneet - *? trejn > trejneet - train > trained
Present active participle	Turns a verb into an adjective describing a person who is doing something (doer of X)	-i, -vas	lin'gwa > lin'gwai - speak > speaking etoli > etolivas - run > running döyshän > döyshäni - *? trejn > trejni - train > training	-i, -des	linggwa > linggwai - speak > speaking etoli > etolides - run > runnning duyshæn > duyshæni - *? trejn > trejni - train > training
	Turns an adverb into an adjective (has the property of being X)	-a, -wa	tau > taua - inside > (the) inside (one) hua > huawa - under > (the) bottom (one)	-a, -wa	tau > taua - inside > (the) inside (one) hua > huawa - under > (the) bottom (one)
	Turns a numeral into an adjective	-i	sixnull > sixnulli - sixty > sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc.	-i	hexanull > hexanulli - sixty > sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc.
	Turns a noun into a verb (do X)	-li	grāf > grāfli - writing > write	-sa, -l	grāf > grāfsa - writing > write mortua > mortual - murder (N.) > murder (V.)
	Turns a numeral into a verb (make X number of times, make X number of copies)	-a	trí > tría - three > make 3 copies; repeat 3 times	-a	trí > tría - three > make 3 copies; repeat 3 times

There are two ways to form adjectives from nouns. The -i suffix is lexically determined to be used with certain words, while -(i)vas or -(d)es is the productive suffix.

The meaning of a numeral turned into an adjective is highly context-dependent. It could be used to descibe a person with a certain age, a thing related to a certain decade or century, a thing having a certain number of parts or certain measures.

Derivational morphophonology in Qwadralónia

When the adjectival -(i)vas suffix is used, the -i- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a consonant.

When forming the present active participle, the -vas suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.

When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.

When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.

The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals:
0 - nulla
1 - monoa
2 - twáa
3 - tría
4 - quada
5 - penta
6 - sixta
7 - septa
8 - okta
9 - novena
10 - tina
100 - handra
1 000 - tanhra
1 000 000 - miljōna
1 000 000 000 - miljārda
1 000 000 000 000 - biljōna
1 000 000 000 000 000 -triljōna

xsjxxtjxx

Derivational morphophonology in Quadralónia

When the adjectival -(d)es suffix is used, the -d- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a vowel.

If the word that the past passive participle is attached to ends with a consonant, the suffix -eet is used.

When forming the present active participle, the -des suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.

When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.

When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.

When turning a noun into a verb, the -l suffix is used if the noun ends with a polyphthong, in all other cases the -sa suffix is used.

The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals (the compound final form numerals are shown at the end of the list (see Numerals)):
0 - nulla
1 - monoa
2 - dúa
3 - tría
4 - qua'dra
5 - pentaga
6 - hexa
7 - septa
8 - okta
9 - novema
10 - tezae
100 - centa
1 000 - milla
1 000 000 - miljona
1 000 000 000 - miljaarda
1 000 000 000 000 - biljona
1 000 000 000 000 000 - triljona
X0 - nulla
X1 - monoa
X2 - dua
X3 - tría
X4 - qua'dra
X5 - pentaga
X6 - hexa
X7 - septa
X8 - okta
X9 - novema