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The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]]. | The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]]. | ||
==Consonants== | |||
===Pulmonic Consonants=== | |||
{| | {| | ||
! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !! | ! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! align="left"| Tap or Flap | ! align="left"| Tap or Flap | ||
| || [[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]] || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]] | | || <!--[[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]]--> || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="left"| Lateral affricate | ! align="left"| Lateral affricate | ||
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|} | |} | ||
''' | '''Coarticulated pulmonic consonants''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] || Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant) | ||
|- | |||
| w || [[Labial-velar approximant]] (semivowel) | |||
|- | |||
| ɥ || [[Labial-palatal approximant]] (semivowel) | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] || Alveolo-palatal fricatives | |||
|- | |||
| ɺ || [[Alveolar lateral flap]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] || Supposedly, simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]. In practice, mostly used for a [[macrophoneme]] of [[Swedish]] varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ]. | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="2"| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. | |||
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] | |||
|} | |||
===Non-pulmonic Consonants=== | |||
{| | |||
! Clicks !! Voiced Implosives !! Ejectives | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in: | | [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
[[Unicode]] symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated. | |||
==Vowels== | |||
{| | {| | ||
| || Front || || Central || || Back | | || Front || || Central || || Back | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Suprasegmentals== | |||
{| | {| | ||
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən | | ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Diacritics== | |||
{| | {| | ||
| | | ◌̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ◌̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ◌̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] || ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ || ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺ | | ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] || ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ || ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺ | ||
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| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ | | ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || Lateral release | | ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || [[Lateral release]] dˡ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ || ̚ || No audible release d̚ | | ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ || ̚ || No audible release d̚ |
Latest revision as of 07:29, 26 January 2011
The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.
Consonants
Pulmonic Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
Nasal | m | ɱ | n̪ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | N/A | ||
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t̪ d̪ | t d | t̠ d̠ | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | N/A | ʡ | ʔ |
Affricate | pɸ bβ | pf bv | tθ dð | ts dz | ʧ ʤ | ʈʂ ɖʐ | cç ɟʝ | kx | qχ | |||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | ʜ ʢ | h ɦ |
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ̪ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞ | ||
Trill | ʙ | r̪ | r | r̠ | N/A | ʀ | ||||||
Tap or Flap | ɾ̪ | ɾ | ɾ̠ | ɽ | ||||||||
Lateral affricate | N/A | tɬ dɮ | N/A | |||||||||
Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ ɮ̪ | ɬ ɮ | ɬ̠ ɮ̠ | ɭ̝ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝ | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l̪ | l | l̠ | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Coarticulated pulmonic consonants
ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant) |
w | Labial-velar approximant (semivowel) |
ɥ | Labial-palatal approximant (semivowel) |
ɕ ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
ɺ | Alveolar lateral flap |
ɧ | Supposedly, simultaneous ʃ and x. In practice, mostly used for a macrophoneme of Swedish varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ]. |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Non-pulmonic Consonants
Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
---|---|---|
ʘ Bilabial | ɓ Bilabial | ʼ as in: |
ǀ Dental | ɗ Dental/alveolar | pʼ Bilabial |
ǃ (Post)alveolar | ʄ Palatal | tʼ Dental/alveolar |
ǂ Palatoalveolar | ɠ Velar | kʼ Velar |
ǁ Lateral alveolar | ʛ Uvular | sʼ Alveolar fricative |
Unicode symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
ə | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
æ | ɐ | ||||
Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Suprasegmentals
ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
ˌ | Secondary stress | |
ː | Long | eː |
ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
. | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
Level | Contour |
---|---|
e̋ or ˥ | |
é ˦ | |
ē ˧ | |
è ˨ | |
ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
◌̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ◌̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ |
̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ |
ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ |
˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ |
˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ | ||
˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ dˠ | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ |
˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ |
¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | ||
̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |