Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.'''


'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.
'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.
Line 15: Line 15:
{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! FV example !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Lexeme !! FM example !! Samic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', H. ''a'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
! colspan="9" | S. ''*ó'', Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', H. ''a'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "bit"
| F. pala || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| F. pala || *pólé || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole"
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole"
|-
|-
| "pot"
| "pot"
| F. pata || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
| F. pata || - || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to open"
| Mk. panže- || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| Er. panžo- || *póncé || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
|-
|-
| "young deer"
| "young deer"
| Mk. śarda || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| Mk. śarda || || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
| F. amme- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
| F. amme- || - || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
|-
|-
| "marsh"
| "marsh"
| F. aro || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
| F. aro || || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| F. askel- || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| F. askel- || - || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "mountain"
| S. '''*váré''' || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| - || '''*váré''' || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
|-
|-
| "to go carefully"
| "to go carefully"
| S. '''*váncé-''' || *waanče- || U. vɯž- ~ K. '''vuž-''' || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uunč- || *wånč-
| - || '''*váncé-''' || *waanče- || U. vɯž- ~ K. '''vuž-''' || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uunč- || *wånč-
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| Mk. šavo- || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
| Mk. šavo- || '''*cáŋmé-''' || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
| S. '''*cáŋmé-'''. Ms. transfer of labialization?
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
|-
| "village"
| "village"
| F. palva- || || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| F. palva- || || || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || *kaaja- || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || *kaaja- || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
|-
|-
| "to peel"
| "to peel"
| Mk. vatka- || *waatka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
| Mk. vatka- || *vótké- || *waatka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
|-
|-
| "in heat"
| "in heat"
| S. *čóðé- || - || K. '''ćual-''' || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| *såjä
| F. '''suota'''? || S. *čóðé- || - || K. '''ćual-''' || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal assimilation?
| Smy palatal assimilation?
|-
|-
| "to present"
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
| Mk. kaźe- || || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| F. kaiva- || ''*koajvó-'' || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
|-
|-
| "to thro"
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| Mo. kaja- || || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
|-
| "foot"
| "foot"
| F. jalka || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
| F. jalka || *jólké || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bild"
| "to bild"
| F. rakenta- || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| F. rakenta- || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to grasp"
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "penis"
| "penis"
| S. *póčɤ || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| - || S. *póčɤ || - || - || fas || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "roof"
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| F. lakka || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
| H. "to dwell"
|-
|-
| "brain"
| "brain"
| F. aivo || || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| F. aivo || *vójŋé || - || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| Mk. '''uj'''
| Mk. '''uj'''
|-
|-
| "root"
| "root"
| - || *waaž || U. vɯž ~ K. '''vuž''' || - || - || - || *wånčå
| - || - || *waaž || U. vɯž ~ K. '''vuž''' || - || - || - || *wånčå
|-
|-
| "currant"
| "currant"
| - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to close"
| "to close"
| - || paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
| P. labial dissim.
|-
| "to shoot"
| F. ampa- || '''ámpo-''' || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| S. ← F? P. labial dissim.
|-
|-
| "smell"
| "smell"
| F. katku || || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| F. katku || - || || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
| Cf. "bitter"
|-
|-
| "shine"
| "shine"
| F. valkea || *waalɣə || '''*vaaĺk''' || ('''vilaag''') || '''waĺk''' ||'''waĺ-'''  || -
| F. valkea || '''*vélké''' || *waalɣə || '''*vaaĺk''' || ('''vilaag''') || '''waĺk''' ||'''waĺ-'''  || -
|-
| "to grind"
| F. jauha- || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "rake"
| "rake"
| F. hara || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
| F. hara || *sóré || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "opposite"
| "opposite"
| F. vasta || *waašta || - || - || - || - || -
| F. vasta || *vósté || *waašta || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to grind"
| F. jauha- || - || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "fishing net"
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || *waat || - || - || - || - || -
| F. vata || - || *waat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
| ← Gmc?
|-
|-
| "wet"
| "wet"
| Mk. načka || *naačkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Mk. načka || *ńóské || *naačkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', H. ''aa'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="9"| Same except Ma. ''*o'', H. ''aa'', Kh. ''*aa'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to steal"
| F. sala- || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
| F. sala- || *sól-ɤk || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
|-
|-
| "white"
| "white"
| Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
| Mk. akša || - || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || - || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| F. sarajas || - || - || - || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
|-
|-
| "to conjure"
| "to conjure"
| Er. al(s)ta- || style0"color:red"| '''*ulte-''' || - || aald- || - || *aaɬəɬ- || -
| Er. al(s)ta- || || style0"color:red"| '''*ulte-''' || - || aald- || - || *aaɬəɬ- || -
|-
|-
| "to beat soft"
| "to beat soft"
| F. vanu- || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| F. vanu- || || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "hind"
| "hind"
| - || -|| - || aaɟeek || style="color:red"| *uunć || - || -
| - || - || -|| - || aaɟeek || style="color:red"| *uunć || - || -
|-
|-
| "to dry"
| "to dry"
| - || - || *śur- || saar- || style="color:red"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
| - || - || - || *śur- || saar- || style="color:red"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
|-
|-
| "low ground"
| "low ground"
| - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "crust"
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| haaml- || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| F. kamara || || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| haaml- || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
| U. also kɤm
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| F. kalin || || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "to stand"
| Liv. saiso- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| Liv. saiso- || *čónčó- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"|Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
! colspan="9"|Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
|-
|-
| "fish"
| "fish"
| F. kala || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| F. kala || *kólé || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || ''*koðV-'' || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || ''haɟ-'' || *kuuĺ- || ''*kaaj-'' || *kåjä-
| F. kato- || *kóðé- || ''*koðV-'' || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || ''haɟ-'' || *kuuĺ- || ''*kaaj-'' || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to carry"
| "to carry"
| F. kanta- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
| F. kanta- || *kónté- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
|-
|-
| "crow"
| "crow"
| F. varis || - || - || ''varjuu'' || style="color:red"| *uurin || style="color:red"| ''*uurŋ-'' ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| F. varis || *vórččé || - || - || ''varjuu'' || style="color:red"| *uurin || style="color:red"| ''*uurŋ-'' ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| Check Smy
| Check Smy
|-
|-
| "to burst"
| "to burst"
| F. pakahtu- || - || - || ''fakad-'' || - || ''*paaɣ-'' || -
| F. pakahtu- || - || - || - || ''fakad-'' || - || ''*paaɣ-'' || -
|}
{|
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"|Indistinct ''*a''
! colspan="8"|Indistinct ''*a''
Line 353: Line 359:
| "wet place"
| "wet place"
| Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
| Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
|-
| "to get wet"
| *lóccɤ- || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bury"
| "to bury"
| - || *müde- || *mudɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || *müde- || *mudɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bitter"
| F. karvas || - || *kurɯd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
|-
| "hoop"
| "hoop"
Line 465: Line 477:
| "willow"
| "willow"
| F. paju || - || *baď || faɟal || - || - || style="color:red"| *pewə
| F. paju || - || *baď || faɟal || - || - || style="color:red"| *pewə
|-
| "to hit"
| Mk. ćapa- || style="color:red"| *čuča- || *ćapkɯ- || čap- || - || - || -
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
|-
| "to gro"
| "to gro"
Line 472: Line 488:
| "shaft"
| "shaft"
| F. varsi || *wurðə || - || - || - || - || -
| F. varsi || *wurðə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to hit"
| Mk. ćapa- || *čuča- || *ćapkɯ- || čap- || - || - || -
| Onomatopoetic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Unclear correspondence 2: FV ''*a'', Ma ''*aa'', P. ''*u'', H. ''aa''
! colspan="8"| Unclear correspondence 2: FV ''*a'', Ma ''*aa'', P. ''*u'', H. ''aa''
Line 545: Line 557:
| Note *ĺ
| Note *ĺ
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Unclear correspondence 5: FV ''*a'', K. ''*a'', H. ''*a'' (IE loans)
! colspan="8"| Unclear correspondence 5: FV ''*a'', K. ''*a'', H. ''*aa'' (IE loans)
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
Line 554: Line 566:
| F. arvo || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| F. arvo || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| ← Indo-Iranian
| ← Indo-Iranian
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Unclear correspondence 6: FV ''*a'', M. ''*o'', P. ''*ɯ''
|-
| "2"
| S. *kókté || *kok || *kɯk || '''keet''' || '''*kit''' || '''*kiit, käät''' || '''*kêtä'''
| *kêt in eastern branches
|-
| "ax"
| F. tahko || *toš || *tɯš(k-) || - || - || - || -
| F. "grindstone"
|-
| "thru"
| Mk. pačk || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. pooč
|-
| "coarse"
| F. karke- || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| to be sorted
! colspan="8"| to be sorted
Line 571: Line 599:
| F. paljo || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. paljo || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc.
| F. possibly ← Gmc.
|-
| "to get wet"
| *lóccɤ- || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to shade"
| "to shade"
Line 625: Line 650:
| Mk. kara- || *kaare- || K. kɯr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| Mk. kara- || *kaare- || K. kɯr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
| P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
|-
| "to shoot"
| F. ampa- || || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| S. '''ámpo-'''
|-
|-
| "pale"
| "pale"
Line 661: Line 682:
| "instrument"
| "instrument"
| Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kärəš''' || U. kɯre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
| Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kärəš''' || U. kɯre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "coarse"
| F. karke- || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "pond"
| "pond"
Line 699: Line 717:
| "to sink"
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || maart- || *muur- || *marət- ||
| - || - || - || maart- || *muur- || *marət- ||
|-
| "thru"
| Mk. pačk || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. pooč
|-
|-
| "painted"
| "painted"
Line 797: Line 812:
| F. talja || || || || || || *tåjå
| F. talja || || || || || || *tåjå
| if not F & S. ← B.
| if not F & S. ← B.
|-
| "ax"
| F. tahko || *toš || *tɯš(k-) || - || - || - || -
| F. "grindstone"
|-
|-
| "this"
| "this"
Line 885: Line 896:
| "door bolt"
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. sarana || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
| "bitter"
| F. karvas || - || *kurɯd || - || - || *koorəɣ ? || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
|-
Line 956: Line 963:
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || style="color:red"| *šaabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || style="color:red"| *šaabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| Coincidental?
| Coincidental?
|-
| "2"
| S. *kókté || *kok || *kɯk || '''keet''' || '''*kit''' || '''*kiit, käät''' || '''*kêtä'''
| *kêt in eastern branches
|-
|-
| "armpit"
| "armpit"

Revision as of 03:55, 30 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic use the following ad hoc reconstruction:

  • short vowels = branches agree
    • except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
  • Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially

Abbreviations used: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps

Lexeme FM example Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
S. *ó, Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"bit" F. pala *pólé *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly K. palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata - *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Er. panžo- *póncé *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"young deer" Mk. śarda *šaarðɤ - - *suurtə *suurtə Ne. siraj ?
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- - *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"mountain" - *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial
"to go carefully" - *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *cáŋmé- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Ms. transfer of labialization?
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- NS guoje *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"to peel" Mk. vatka- *vótké- *waatka- - - - - Ne. waataa-
"in heat" F. suota? S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä Smy palatal assimilation?
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"to dig" F. kaiva- *koajvó- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - - Homophonic with the prev.
"foot" F. jalka *jólké *jaal - ɟalog - - -
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - - rak- - - -
"to grasp" F. tarttu- - - - tart- - - -
"penis" - S. *póčɤ - - fas - - -
"roof" F. lakka - - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"brain" F. aivo *vójŋé - - aɟ - - - Mk. uj
"root" - - *waaž U. vɯž ~ K. vuž - - - *wånčå
"currant" - - *šaaptər U. suter ~ K. setɤr - - - -
"to close" - - paačke- U. pɯškɯ- - - - - P. labial dissim.
"to shoot" F. ampa- ámpo- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ← F? P. labial dissim.
"smell" F. katku - K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. "bitter"
"shine" F. valkea *vélké *waalɣə *vaaĺk (vilaag) waĺk waĺ- -
"rake" F. hara *sóré *šaar - - - - -
"opposite" F. vasta *vósté *waašta - - - - -
"to grind" F. jauha- - *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"fishing net" F. vata - *waat - - - - - ← Gmc?
"wet" Mk. načka *ńóské *naačkə - - - (*ńašak) - Khanty "raw" may not belong
Same except Ma. *o, H. aa, Kh. *aa (standard PU *a also)
"to steal" F. sala- *sól-ɤk *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"white" Mk. akša - *oš - - - *aaš -
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"to beat soft" F. vanu- - - vaańol- - - -
"hind" - - - - aaɟeek *uunć - -
"to dry" - - - *śur- saar- *šuur- #saar- -
"low ground" - - - U. śum - *suujəm *saajəm -
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *čónčó- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
"fish" F. kala *kólé *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä
"to leave" F. kato- *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to carry" F. kanta- *kónté- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"crow" F. varis *vórččé - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər- Check Smy
"to burst" F. pakahtu- - - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
Indistinct *a
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to roash" F. paahta- - *pɤɤž- - - - - P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"series" F. sarja - *śoor - - - -
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"in-law" F. nato *nuðo - - - - *nåto
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- Cf. "to die"
"knot" Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"left" F. vasen - - - - - *wåtä ?
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå- S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit"
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"thru" Mk. šačk - - - - - Se. sačk Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
Apparent std. PU *ax
"streak" F. juoni - - - - - - Mo. jan
"bed" F. vuode *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" F. vuori  *waar   Related to *wara?
"tree spec." F. saarni *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" F. saarna- - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. *sárné (if not ← F)
""
Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision)
"pit" F. kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" F. kuori - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- Sk. ker- ? Mo. kaŕ
"to die" F. kuole- *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Mo. kulo-
"to lick" F. nuole- *nɤɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- S. noaló-, Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms
"berry" F. puola - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" F. suoli *šol *śul - - *sol -
"pole" F. vuoli - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol *uj
"year" F. vuosi - *vaa vaĺ - *ål ? -
""
Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
"land" F. maa *mü, *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"to bury" - *müde- *mudɯ- - - - -
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? -
"hoop" F. vanne - *vudž - - - -
"handle" F. vanka - *vug - - - -
"to reach" Er. saźu- - *sudź- - - - -
"stiff" Er. tarďe - K. tur- - - - K. "to freeze"
"tassel" S. *tóŋké - *tug - - - -
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"calf" F. vasa - - (üsöö) *wɯɯsəɣ - - ← II
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx! F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Cf.
"to produce" F. suolta- - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to whittle" F. vuole- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jaɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"sembra" - - *sus - *tɯɯt *ɬɯɯɣəɬ *tɯtə(k) Ms. per original closed syllable?
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
Unclear correspondence 1: FV *a, Ma *u, P. *a, H. *a
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"stomach" F. vatsa - U. vaś - - - -
"willow" F. paju - *baď faɟal - - *pewə
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- - hason ? - - - H. "use, advantage"
"shaft" F. varsi *wurðə - - - - -
Unclear correspondence 2: FV *a, Ma *aa, P. *u, H. aa
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"to gro" - *paaše- *pušjɯ- - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - - P. ← *-uða- ?
"to stand" - *šaa(l)ɣ- *sul- aall- - - - U. also sɯl-
"to scrape" - - *vušt- vaas- *ašk- #wååčəɣ- -
Unclear correspondence 3: Ma *aa, P. *a (Permic palatal coda?)
"to fall" S. *vóčé- *waaza- U. vaź- - - - - Note Ma. *z
"shelter" F. suoja *šaaj *saj - - - -
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"to take out" - *taara- K. taral- - taar - - Ma. "far", H. "open"
"to unravel" S. *rúnč- *raanće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- - Note Ma. *ć
Unclear correspondence 4: FV *a, P. front vowel, Ms. *a (substrate?)
"understanding" Er. važov - K. vežɤr - *aš *oč -
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- - Note Ms. *ś
"membrane" F. kalvo - *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 5: FV *a, K. *a, H. *aa (IE loans)
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
Unclear correspondence 6: FV *a, M. *o, P. *ɯ
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kêt in eastern branches
"ax" F. tahko *toš *tɯš(k-) - - - - F. "grindstone"
"thru" Mk. pačk - K. pɯšji - *puuš - Se. pooč
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"woven band" F. vaula - - - *waaɣlap - -
"berry" F. marja *mör - - *maari ? *muur- ? - OU may be related to *mura
"much" F. paljo Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc.
"to shade" - *šöšte- K. saśtɯ- - - - - "to darken" vs. "to hide"
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - - fal - *pal -
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań(-iikʷa) *anəkə *ɤńä Check Smy.
"to put" F. pane- *paańəža- *pɤn- - *pun- *pan- *pɯn-
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *waale- - vaal- *wɯɯɣəl *wɯɯɣəl -
"net needle" S. *čópsémé *šaapš - - *taas #sååpəs - No F. or Mo. Possibly *o?
"to dry" - - - asoo *taaš #såås
"hole" - *raaž K. roź rees - - -
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"pale" - *šapa- - saapad- - - -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o, despite F. kaari
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"rodent" Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"to be able" Mk. mašto- *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"beaver" F. majava U. mɯj ~ K. moj S. *májéké, Er. mijav
"to sink" - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"painted" - ? pač U. pužɯ - - - Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
"to press" F. paina- - *paańV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə-
"to freeze" Mk. palo- - - faɟ *paaĺ- *pojət-
"flock" F. parvi - *pur - - *parə -
"good" Mk. para *pooro *bur - - - - ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"gadfly" Es. parm *paarmə - - - - - F. paarma, Mo. purom
"close" F. rakas - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"tail" - *paač *bɤɤž - *panš *poč *pančå Could also be *o?
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- - *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"gold, copper" - - - arań *tarəń *ɬoorńə
"ski" *čójkɤ - - - *taj- - *tåj(-kə)
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
"fishing gear" - *mača - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"blueberry" - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
"piece" F. sukku - - sak - *sak -
"thick" F. sakea *šukɤ K. suk - - - -
"1000" - - *śurs - *šaatər- *ťarəs Cf. "100"
"to hurry" - - - sorog- #surəkt *saarək
"sister" Mk. sazor *šɤɤžar *soozər F. sisar ← B.
"staff" F. sauva - - - *suuw *soɣ - S. *čávŋé
"twig" S. *tórkɤ - - - - *tuuɣər -
"grass" Es. tarn - *turɯm - - - -
"to stomp" F. tappa- - *tap- top- - - *tApər- F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic?
"to bend" F. taipu- - K. tuj- - *tääjəp- *tɯɯj- *tɯj- ? S. *toajé-. Check Smy.
"back" F. taka - - - - - *tɤkä
"to hang" F. takertu- - - - - *taɣər- Se. tokua- ?
"skin" F. talja *tåjå if not F & S. ← B.
"this" Es. ta *ta K. to - - *tamə *tå
"birch bark" F. tana - - - *tuunt *tontə -
"river bend" - - K. voĺ völɟ *wuuĺ *woɣəĺ Ne. wäej
"old" F. vanha - U. vuž ~ K. važ - - - -
"to shame" Mo. viźďe *waažəla- U. vodźɯt- - - - -
"to thro" Mk. vačka- vačka- ? - - - *waaškalt-
Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"river" Mk. rava - - - - *roɣə - Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud")
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
"asp" F. haapa *šaapke - - - - - S. *súpé; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"branch" F. hanka - - aag *tɯɯɣ *ɬaɣə - F. ← Gmc.
"stiff" F. tankea *töŋɣe- - - - - - Mari may be ← Turkic
"cheap" F. halpa *šulðɤ - - - - - F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
"metal" F. vaski *waaž U. vɯś ~ K. veś vas *vüš *waɣ *wäsä S. veašké, Mo. *vəśkä. ← Toch.?
"maple" Es. vaher *waaštar - - - - - Mo. ukštor. Possibly ← Toch.
"to tred" F. talla- - K. taĺ- - - - - Loan from F. → K?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"nits" Mk. śar̥ka *šarkeńe *śerel - N. seeri ? E. sɯr ? Ka. šurijar ? S. čívrós, F. saivar
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kaajik - Ne. ho S. kájéké. Substrate word?
"elm" Mk. śäĺi *šol - sil - - - F. salava "willow" ? Might be *ä.
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to split" F. sali- - - sil - - - Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"to want" F. havi- - - - *taŋk- *ɬaŋkaa- - Ve. habi-
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"wet sno" S. *vónčé - - - - *uuťkəl -
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-
"woods" S. *móiðé - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"vessel" F. saima- - U. śumɯk - - *sooma ? Se. somma ? Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place.


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