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| {{Qatama}}
| | #REDIRECT [[:kq:Serf:Sano]] |
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| =Intro=
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| Qatama grammar is relatively straightforward.
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| <div style='float: right;'>
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| {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
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| | colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''{{{conlangname|<noinclude>Qatama</noinclude><includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{altname|Qatam / Q`tam}}}
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|[[User:Qang|Qang]]}}}
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{type|personal language}}}
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| |- valign=top
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|~1998}}}
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| |- valign=top
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| | colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Demographics
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| | style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
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| | style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|~80 million}}}
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Spoken in'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{speak-in|The Qatama Empire}}}
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Genetic Classification'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{gen-class|Humanoid}}}
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| | colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Grammar
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| |- valign=top
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Most Common Word-Order'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{word-or|OVS}}}
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Morphological Typology'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{mor-type|Isolating}}}
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| |- valign=top
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| | style='text-align: left;' | '''Morpho-syntactic Alignment'''
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| | style='text-align: left;' | {{{morphalign|Nom-Acc}}}
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| |-
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| |}</div>
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| *There are no verb conjugations; plurals are marked by a particle, articles that can be disregarded in speech, and only three genders.
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| *The language lacks conjugation, declension, or any inflection at all (there are minor exceptions).
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| *Concepts like plural or past tense are expressed in a syntactical way.
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| *Due to the nature of Qatama, most words are not limited to one word class, but can in fact work as verbs, nouns or adjectives. In fact, quite a number of them even can work as adpositions or linked verbs (whatever we wish to analyze them as - the usual difference being that linked verbs can occur as postpositions).
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| *There are no visible morphological signs that would give away what function a specific word has in a sentence - syntax and intonation convey this information.
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| =Phonology=
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| *'''Vowels'''
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| '''a''' = /a/ '''o''' = /o/ '''u''' = /u/ '''`''' = /?/ Between vowels and [@] between consonants
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| *'''Plosives'''
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| '''t''' = /t/ '''d''' = /d/ '''k''' = /k/ '''g''' = /g/ '''q''' = /q/ (or [X] as a final)
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| *'''Affricates'''
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| '''j''' = [tS] or [dZ] or /Z/ (These variations are dialectal, /Z/ being most common)
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| *'''Nasals'''
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| '''m''' = /m/ '''n''' = /n/ '''ng''' = /N/
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| *'''Trills'''
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| '''r''' = /r/ or the Approximant [r\]
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| *'''Fricatives'''
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| '''h''' = /h/ '''tl''' = /t_K/
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| *'''Approximants'''
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| '''l''' = /l/ '''y''' = /j/ and '''u''' = [w] before /a/
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| ==Phonotactics==
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| Qatama phonotactics are very easy because all of the words are formed by predictable syllables.
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| [[Image:Qutan.GIF|300px]]
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| *Only an '''o''' syllable can precede another '''o''' syllable, so where '''omoq''' is correct, ''amoq'' would be incorrect.
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| *Note that '''o''' can not immediately precede an '''l''', so where '''mal''' and '''mul''' are correct, ''mol'' is not.
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| =Dialects=
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| The most recognizable dialect is [[Tam`q]].
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| Described by Qatama scholar [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=367 Nor]
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| =Syntax=
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| ==Word order==
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| Unlike English, word order in Qatama is object-verb-subject.
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| *object -- verb -- subject
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| :'''tamu kojra al mung'''
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| ::"''[the] house love the woman''" = The woman loves the house.
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| *Questions are formed by adding the interrogative particle '''qa''' to the end of declarative statements.
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| **object -- verb -- subject -- '''qa'''
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| :'''tamu kojra al mung qa'''
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| ::"''[the] house love the woman INT-PART''" = Does the woman loves the house?
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| *particles -- noun -- adjectives
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| :'''al tamu taha'''
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| ::"''the house big''" = The big house.
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| *adverbs -- auxiliaries -- verb
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| :'''noj muna kuj gun ta'''
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| ::"''with care must walk I''" = I must walk carefully.
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| ==Dependent Clauses==
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| *Dependent clauses are handled by placing the particle '''ruq''' before the clause and '''ra''' after.
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| *I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, ''who had a thick black hair'', was very pretty.
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| **'''kang ma mung ngumaq ko`oga ta | al mung ruq unuq ohada ma oga kura na ra ung t`ha aya'''
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| ***''man and woman yesterday to-meet 1SG | ART woman general-clause-particle-initial hair thick and black to-have 3SG general-clause-particle-final PAST very pretty/beautiful''
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| *I met two women yesterday, one with thick black hair and one with soft brown hair. The woman ''who had a thick black hair'' was very pretty.
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| **'''mung to ngumaq ko`oga ta ruq noj unuq ohada ma oga ong ma noj unuq ayuha ma myoga ong ra | al mung ruq unuq ohada ma oga kura na ra ung t`ha aya'''
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| ***''woman two yesterday to-meet 1SG general-clause-particle-initial with hair thick and black one an with hair soft and brown one general-clause-particle-final | ART woman general-clause-particle-initial hair thick and black to-have 3SG general-clause-particle-final PAST very pretty/beautiful''
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| =Plurals=
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| *The particle '''uj''' is placed in front of nouns to mark plurality.
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| *When '''uj''' is present there is no other particle/article used.
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| *Adjectives are not pluralized.
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| *'''kama''' -- village | '''al kama''' -- the village | '''uj kama''' -- the villages
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| =Demonstratives=
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| *'''Qatama''' demonstratives do change depending on number, but not gender.
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| ==As pronouns==
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| **this -- '''kun'''
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| ***I like this. -- '''kun koj ta'''
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| **that -- '''nuq'''
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| ***Is that yours? -- '''nuq m`ga qa'''
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| **these -- '''qunju'''
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| ***Where are these from? -- '''moq qunju aj qa'''
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| **those -- '''nuja'''
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| ***My father gave me those. -- '''nuja naj ta ung kura kangha m`ta'''
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| **that which -- '''nuda'''
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| ***I have what he wanted. -- '''ung nung nada nuda kura ta'''
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| **those which -- '''nujada'''
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| ***She will give you what [those things] you want. -- '''nujada nung ga uq gaya na'''
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| ==As subordinators==
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| :''He hopes you proceed with the speech''
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| ::'''muaha ga noj al mutara kanuj nada'''
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| :''He hopes '''that''' you proceed with the speech''
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| ::'''muaha ga nuq noj al mutara kanuj nada'''
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| =Adjectives=
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| Adjective always follow the word they modify in Qatama.
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| *'''al tamu taha''' -- The big house.
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| =Articles=
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| Qatama makes use of several articles that could be analyzed as particles.
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| *'''al''' - This is used as both definite and indefinite, but could also be thought of as particle that marks words as nouns.
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| :'''m`ja''' -- n. blood, v. to bleed | '''m`ja ongo ta''' = I see bleeding | '''al m`ja ongo ta''' = I see (the) blood.
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| *'''o''' - This is an honorific article used to show respect for the concept or topic being referred to.
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| :'''al kang''' -- The man. | '''o kang''' The (honorable/respected) man.
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| *'''oyo''' - This is a diminutive article used to show a lack of importance, disdain or malice toward the concept or topic being referred to, often accompanied by profanity or vulgarity.
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| :'''oyo tamu q`na''' -- The[that] shitty shack.
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| *'''um''' - This is an emphatic article is used to show immediacy or importance of the concept or topic being referred to. It is often used in imperatives.
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| :'''goku al tamu''' -- The house burns./The house is burning. | '''goku um tamu''' -- The house is burning!
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| :'''kya mada naj um kama''' -- Come (back) to the village!
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| =Questions=
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| *Questions are asked using the interrogatory particle '''qa''', always placed at the end of a phrase.
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| *Qatama does not ask questions the same way as English.
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| *The syntax of a question is exactly the same as a declarative statement.
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| *There are no interrogatives such as who, what, or when in Qatama.
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| *Questions are asked by placing the desired result as the object and placing '''qa''' at the end of what would normally be a statement.
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| *'''tamu kojra al mung''' | "[the] house love the woman" = The woman loves the house.
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| :'''tamu kojra al mung qa''' | "[the] house love the woman [interrogative]" = Does the woman loves the house?
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| [[Image:Alqa.GIF|center|thumb|350px|uj kuja aj Qatama]]
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| =Tense=
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| There are five basic tenses in Qatama. The tense particle is always placed immediately before the verb it modifies.
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| *Negative Past
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| :'''ungla''' - '''al tajala ungla gaq taka''' - We did not eat the sauce.
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| *Past
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| :'''ung''' - '''al tamu ung qal nara''' - They built the home.
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| *Simple Present
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| :The simple present tense isn't marked. '''naj al daq gun nada''' - He is walking toward the mountain.
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| *Negative Future
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| :'''uqla''' - '''ga uqla ongo naya''' - She will not see you.
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| *Future
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| :'''uq''' - '''m`ta uq muq na''' - It will be mine.
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| The tense need not be marked if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same phrase: '''kumaq kuda na''', He cooks(prepare food) (will cook) tomorrow.
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| =Pronouns=
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| Qatama pronouns ('''uj uta''') are fairly straightforward.
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| [[Image:Pronouns.GIF]] | |
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| *Note that the polite form of the 2nd person is used in both singular and plural.
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| *The 3PLM and 3PLF do not have possessive forms.
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| *It is important to use the correct form of the 1PL, inclusive and exclusive.
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| *The reflexive of any pronoun is formed by placing '''ayu''' after it.
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| :I built it myself. -- '''na ung qal ta ayu''' | Will you prepare it yourself? -- '''na uq udaq gahan ayu qa'''
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| =Imperatives=
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| There are four distinct imperatives in Qatama.
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| *'''kya''' -- general imperative, always placed in front of the verb phrase
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| :'''kya naj tamu m`ga mua''' -- Go to your home!
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| ::'''kya muta''' -- Speak [to me]!
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| *'''gya''' -- used specifically for the demand of an item, i.e. to give
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| :'''gya al ujla''' -- Give the knife [up / to me]!
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| *'''kyo''' -- used specifically to demand silence
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| :'''kyo''' -- Quiet!
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| ::'''kyo muq''' -- Stand quietly!
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| *'''kyala''' -- general negative imperative, always placed in front of the verb phrase
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| :'''kyala naj ta muta''' -- Do not talk to me!
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| *Where '''kyo''' or '''gya''' are used '''kya''' is not.
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| =Semantic Morphology=
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| *Semantic Morphology is not as prevalent in Qatama as it is in other languages, but there is a semi-constant them that runs throughout a portion of the lexicon.
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| *What is important to remember is that not every time you see one of these particular syllables does it change the word in a consistent, predictable way.
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| =='''-ha'''==
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| *Appended to;
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| :*'''m''' - often indicates the augmentative
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| :*'''n''' - often used to create an obscure relation
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| :*'''ng''' - often indicates the augmentative
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| :*'''l''' - often used to create a related lexical entry
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| :*'''r''' - often used to create a related lexical entry
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| =='''-la'''==
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| *Appended to;
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| :*'''q''' - often indicates negation or opposition | |
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| :*'''m''' - often used to create an obscure relation | |
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| :*'''ng''' - often indicates negation or opposition
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| :*'''j''' - often used to create a related lexical entry
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| =='''-ra'''==
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| *Appended to;
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| :*'''q''' - often indicates a close semantic relation
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| :*'''m''' - often used to create an obscure relation
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| :*'''ng''' - often indicates an extreme relation to the base root
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| :*'''j''' - often used to create a related lexical entry
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| [[Category:Qatama]]
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