Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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m (more sorting)
(*ma *pa *ra)
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| "foot"
| "foot"
| F. jalka || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
| F. jalka || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
| "to grind"
| F. jauha- || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
Line 121: Line 124:
| "rump"
| "rump"
| Mk. kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
| Mk. kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to roash"
| F. paahta- || - || *pɤɤž- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
|-
|-
| "to drive"
| "to drive"
Line 134: Line 141:
| *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
| *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
|-
|-
| "word"
| "in-law"
| F. vala || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| F. nato || '''*nuðo''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
| "to want"
| Mk. karma- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårmä ?
|-
| "death"
| F. kalma || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| Cf. "to die"
|-
|-
| "in-law"
| "knot"
| F. nato || '''*nudo''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
| Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
|-
| "ground"
| "ground"
Line 148: Line 162:
| "to stick"
| "to stick"
| S. *čóŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
| S. *čóŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
|-
|-
| "to rain"
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| F. sata- || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. '''*čáðé-'''; <font color="red">*čócé-</font> "to hit"
| S. '''*čáðé-'''; <font color="red">*čócé-</font> "to hit"
|-
| "crane"
| Mk. karga || - || - || - || - || - || *kårə ?
| F. '''kurki'''
|-
|-
| "spirit"
| "spirit"
Line 240: Line 261:
|-
|-
| "land"
| "land"
| F. maa || ''*mu'' || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| F. maa || *mü, ''*mu'' || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| Reduction of *x?
| Reduction of *x?
|-
|-
Line 334: Line 355:
|-
|-
| "wall"
| "wall"
| F. pato || || - || fal || - || *pal || -
| F. pato || - || - || fal || - || *pal || -
|-
|-
| "to touch"
| "to touch"
Line 398: Line 419:
| "to ask"
| "to ask"
| - || *jaada- || *jual- || - || - || - || -
| - || *jaada- || *jual- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tail"
| - || *paač || *bɤɤž || - || *panš || *poč || style="color:red"| *pančå
| Could also be *o?
|-
| "to gro"
| - || *paaše- || *pušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
Line 405: Line 433:
| "to be born"
| "to be born"
| Mk. šačo- || *šaača- || U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
| Mk. šačo- || *šaača- || U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
|-
| "to grind"
| F. jauha- || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "wet"
| "wet"
Line 453: Line 478:
| F. kajava || || K. gaďa || - || *kåjik || - || -
| F. kajava || || K. gaďa || - || *kåjik || - || -
| S. '''kájéké'''
| S. '''kájéké'''
|-
| "death"
| F. kalma || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| From *kaxli- "to die"
|-
|-
| "membrane"
| "membrane"
Line 463: Line 484:
| "arch"
| "arch"
| S. kóŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kooŋkar || -
| S. kóŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kooŋkar || -
| Might be *o, despite F. kaari
|-
|-
| "dry place"
| "dry place"
| F. kaŋŋas || *kaŋɣa || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
| F. kaŋŋas || *kaŋɣa || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| "crane"
| Mk. karga || - || - || - || - || - || *kårə ?
| F. '''kurki'''
|-
| "to want"
| Mk. karma- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårmä ?
|-
|-
| "instrument"
| "instrument"
Line 513: Line 528:
| "snot"
| "snot"
| F. natta || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
| F. natta || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
<!-- Dun uptu *la-. *na- also dun.
|-
| "fishing gear"
| - || *mača || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
| Coincidental?
|-
| "woods"
| S. *móiðé || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| Weak. IS "hunt"
|-
| "rodent"
| Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak.  Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
|-
| "berry"
| F. marja || *mör || - || - || *maari ? || *muur- ? || -
| OU may be related to *mura
|-
| "to be able"
| Mk. mašto- || *mɤšte- <!--Hi. ɤ ~ Me. o-->|| - || - || *muust- || *moštə- || -
|-
| "blueberry"
| - || *moodə <!-- "KB" u ~ "B" o-->|| - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
|-
| "beaver"
| F. majava || || U. mɯj ~ K. moj || || || ||
| S. '''*májéké''', Er. '''mijav'''
|-
| "to bury"
| - || *müde- || *mudɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || maart- || *muur- || *marət- ||
|-
| "penis"
| S. *póčɤ || - || - || fas || - || - || -
|-
| "thru"
| Mk. pačk || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. pooč
|-
| "painted"
| - || ? pač || U. pužɯ || - || - || - || Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
|-
| "to press"
| F. paina- || - || *paańV- || - || *pańəɣt || - || Ka. <font color="red">paŋdə-</font>
|-
| "willow"
| F. paju || || *baď || faɟal || - || - || style="color:red"| *pewə
|-
| "to burst"
| F. pakahtu- || - || - || fakad- || - || *paaɣ- || -
|-
| "much"
| F. paljo || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc.
|-
| "to put"
| F. pane- || *paańəža- || *pɤn- || - || *pun- || *pan- || *pɯn-
|-
| "to close"
| - || paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to freeze"
| Mk. palo- || - || - || faɟ || *paaĺ- || *pojət- ||
|-
| "flock"
| F. parvi || - || *pur || - || - || *parə || -
|-
| "good"
| Mk. para || *pooro || *bur || - || - || - || -
| ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
| "gadfly"
| Es. parm || *paarmə || - || - || - || - || -
| F. '''paarm''', Mo. '''purom'''
|-
| "hole"
| - || *raaž || K. roź || rees || - || - || -
|-
| "close"
| F. rakas || - || - || rokon || *raaw || *raɣ || -
|-
| "to bild"
| F. rakenta- || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
|-
| "to unravel"
| S. '''*rúnč-''' || *raanće- || K. radź- || ronɟ || - || *ratə- || -
|-
| "river"
| Mk. rava || - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud"
 
<!-- Dun uptu *ra-.
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 549: Line 655:
| F. '''uuhi''' || *ɤžɣa || *ɯž || - || *aaš || *aač || -
| F. '''uuhi''' || *ɤžɣa || *ɯž || - || *aaš || *aač || -
| Mk. '''uča'''. Can't this be *ux?
| Mk. '''uča'''. Can't this be *ux?
|-
| ""
| F. marras || - || *mur || - || - || - || -
| F. "dead" ← II, P. "dry" (of cow)
|-
| "dead"
| Mk. pača || - || - || - || - || *pačək || -
| Mo. "soul", Kh. "stillborn"
|-
| "shit"
| F. '''paska''' || *pɤɤškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô; S. *pɤškɤ → F?


muista: *kar- vs. *kärki "tikka"
muista: *kar- vs. *kärki "tikka"
Line 621: Line 739:
|}
|}


<!--
==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==
==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
Line 641: Line 760:
| *aa || ɔɔ || aa || aa <!--
| *aa || ɔɔ || aa || aa <!--
|-
|-
| *aa || aa || aa || oo <!--*s'oDka-->
| *aa || aa || aa || oo <!--*s'oDka
|-
|-
| *åå || || ɔɔ ||
| *åå || || ɔɔ ||
Line 649: Line 768:
| *oo || oo || o || oo <!--*puNke--
| *oo || oo || o || oo <!--*puNke--
|-
|-
| *o || o || o || o <!--*kura-->
| *o || o || o || o <!--*kura
|-
|-
| *ɯɯ || || ɯɯ ||
| *ɯɯ || || ɯɯ ||
Line 655: Line 774:
| *uu || uu || uu ||
| *uu || uu || uu ||
|}
|}
-->

Revision as of 05:27, 22 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:

  • *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
  • Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Lexeme FV example Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. *aa, P. *oo, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"bit" F. pala *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Mk. panže- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"mountain" S. *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization?
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"foot" F. jalka *jaal - ɟalog - - -
"to grind" F. jauha- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to leave" S. *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to steal" F. sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"white" Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
Indistinct between the previous two
"fish" F. kala *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä Ma. & Kh. disagree
"to carry" F. kanta- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån- Ma. & Kh. disagree the other way
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"to dig" F. kaiva- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - -
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to roash" F. paahta- - *pɤɤž- - - - - P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"in-law" F. nato *nuðo - - - - *nåto
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- Cf. "to die"
"knot" Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå- S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit"
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
Apparent std. PU *ax
"streak" F. juoni - - - - - - Mo. jan
"shelter" F. suoja *šaaj *saj - - - -
"bed" F. vuode *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" F. vuori  *waar   Related to *wara?
"tree spec." F. saarni *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" F. saarna- - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. *sárné (if not ← F)
""
Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision)
"pit" F. kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" F. kuori - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- Sk. ker- ? Mo. kaŕ
"spruce" S. *kósɤ *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət F. kuusi, Mo. kuz
"to die" F. kuole- *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Mo. kulo-
"to lick" F. nuole- *nɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms
"berry" F. puola - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" F. suoli *šol *śul - - *sol -
"pole" F. vuoli - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol *uj
"year" F. vuosi - *vaa vaĺ - *ål ? -
""
Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
"land" F. maa *mü, *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx! F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Deriv. of the previous?
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
"to produce" F. suolta- - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to whittle" F. vuole- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - - fal - *pal -
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wole- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"smell" F. katku K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"brain" F. aivo - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - -
"tail" - *paač *bɤɤž - *panš *poč *pančå Could also be *o?
"to gro" - *paaše- *pušjɯ- - - - -
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"wet" Mk. načka *naačkə - - - *ńašak - Khanty "raw"
"to shoot" F. ampa- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ámpo-
"pale" - šapa- - saapad- - - -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"membrane" F. kalvo *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o, despite F. kaari
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- hason ? - - - - H. "use, advantage"
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- -
"roof" F. lakka - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
"fishing gear" - *mača - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"woods" S. *móiðé - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"rodent" Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"berry" F. marja *mör - - *maari ? *muur- ? - OU may be related to *mura
"to be able" Mk. mašto- *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"blueberry" - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
"beaver" F. majava U. mɯj ~ K. moj S. *májéké, Er. mijav
"to bury" - *müde- *mudɯ- - - - -
"to sink" - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"penis" S. *póčɤ - - fas - - -
"thru" Mk. pačk - K. pɯšji - *puuš - Se. pooč
"painted" - ? pač U. pužɯ - - - Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
"to press" F. paina- - *paańV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə-
"willow" F. paju *baď faɟal - - *pewə
"to burst" F. pakahtu- - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
"much" F. paljo Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc.
"to put" F. pane- *paańəža- *pɤn- - *pun- *pan- *pɯn-
"to close" - paačke- U. pɯškɯ- - - - -
"to freeze" Mk. palo- - - faɟ *paaĺ- *pojət-
"flock" F. parvi - *pur - - *parə -
"good" Mk. para *pooro *bur - - - - ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"gadfly" Es. parm *paarmə - - - - - F. paarm, Mo. purom
"hole" - *raaž K. roź rees - - -
"close" F. rakas - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - rak- - - -
"to unravel" S. *rúnč- *raanće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- -
"river" Mk. rava - - - - *roɣə - Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud"
Loan etymologies available for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-


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