Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)


Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. '''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal.
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. '''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.


Mari and Permic feature an ''ad hoc'' reconstruction with the following features:
Mari and Permic feature an ''ad hoc'' reconstruction with the following features:
* *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
* *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
* Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari /o u/ in Meadow Mari
* Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
* Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
* Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Line 73: Line 73:
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || K. kulɤm || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| F. kalin || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| F. askel- || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| F. askel- || '''*aaškəl-''' || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || '''*kooe''' || *kooj- || hajiit || - || - || *käjwå-
| F. kaiva- || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn.
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
|-
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
|-
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
| "hard"
| S. '''*čárés''' || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
| No F. or Mo.
|-
| "crust"
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| '''haaml-''' || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || *gooz || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rump"
| Mk. kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to drive"
| "to drive"
Line 94: Line 114:
|-
|-
| "in heat"
| "in heat"
| S. *čóðé- || - || K. ćual- || salad- || - || - || *såjä
| S. *čóðé- || - || K. '''ćual-''' || salad- || - || - || *såjä
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal dissimilation?
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal assimilation?
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
| F. saa- || '''*šoo-''' || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| F. saa- || ''*šoo-'' || K. '''su-''' || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxi
| *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x-
|-
|-
| "word"
| "word"
Line 139: Line 159:
| F. salko || - || K. '''dźal''' || '''saal''' || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| F. salko || - || K. '''dźal''' || '''saal''' || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
|-
| "wet place"
| Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
|-
|-
| "100"
| "100"
| Mk. śada || *šüðə || *śoo || '''saaz''' || *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| Mk. śada || *šüðə || *śoo || '''saaz''' || *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| ← PII *śata; separately in H. ?
| ← PII *śata; separately in H. ?
|-
| "wet place"
| Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
|-
|-
| "gills"
| "gills"
| S. *ńókčɤm || style="color:red"| '''*naašmə''' || K. ńokćim || || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni)
| S. *ńókčɤm || style="color:red"| '''*naašmə''' || K. ńokćim || - || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
|-
|-
| "hair"
| "hair"
Line 161: Line 181:
| "vein"
| "vein"
| Mk. san || *šün || *sɤn || iin || *tɯɯn || *ɬaan || ''*čɤn''
| Mk. san || *šün || *sɤn || iin || *tɯɯn || *ɬaan || ''*čɤn''
| *ëx? Finnish ''suoni''
| *ëx? F. ''suoni''
|-
|-
| "arrow"
| "arrow"
| Mk. nal || *nölö || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɯl''' || ńiil || *ńɯɯl || *ńaal || *ńɤəj
| Mk. nal || *nölö || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɯl''' || ńiil || *ńɯɯl || *ńaal || *ńɤəj
| *ëx! Finnish nuoli
| *ëx! F. nuoli
|-
|-
| "fish skin"
| "fish skin"
| style="color:red"| Mk. śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɯɯm || *saam || Nen. śaaw ??
| style="color:red"| Mk. śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɯɯm || *saam || Ne. śaaw ??
| *ëx! Finnish suomu
| *ëx! F. suomu
|-
|-
| "bird cherry"
| "bird cherry"
| S. *ðómɤ || '''*lom''' || *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| S. *ðómɤ || '''*lom''' || *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| *ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin '''ĺom'''
| *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. '''ĺom'''
|-
|-
| "land"
| "land"
| F. maa || *mu || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| F. maa || *mu || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxi
| *mëxi
|-
| "bitter"
| F. katkera || '''*kaača-''' || U. kɤš || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || '''*kiičə''' ? || -
|-
|-
| "child, cradle"
| "child, cradle"
Line 238: Line 261:
| "village"
| "village"
| F. palva- || || - || falu || *pɯɯwəl || *puuɣəl || -
| F. palva- || || - || falu || *pɯɯwəl || *puuɣəl || -
|-
| "bitter"
| F. katkera || || U. kɤš || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || *kiičə ? || -
|-
|-
| "smell"
| "smell"
Line 293: Line 313:
| "sleigh"
| "sleigh"
| F. ahkio || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
| F. ahkio || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
|-
| "hard"
| S. '''*čárés''' || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
| No F. or Mo.
|-
|-
| "rotten"
| "rotten"
| S. *cómcé || *šać || *žoodź <!--šudžam ~ žodź--> || - || - || - || -
| S. *cómcé || *šać || *žoodź <!--šudžam ~ žodź--> || - || - || - || -
|-
| "crust"
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| haaml- || köömtol ~ kamtul? || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
|-
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || *kužək || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || *gooz || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rump"
| Mk. kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to divide"
| "to divide"
Line 481: Line 481:
| "door bolt"
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. sarana || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| Technology anachronism! F. may be ← Baltic
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
|-
| "bitter"
| "bitter"

Revision as of 06:27, 15 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:

  • *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
  • Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Lexeme FV example Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. *aa, P. *ɤɤ? Ms. / Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"fish" F. kala *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä
"bit" F. pala *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to open" Mk. panže- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"mountain" S. *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå F. vuori pointing to *ax?
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - -
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"sun" F. kaja- *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"foot" F. jalka *jaal - ɟalog - - -
Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to carry" F. kanta- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"to steal" F. sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to leave" S. *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to step" F. askel- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"to dig" F. kaiva- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - -
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"white" Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x-
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"in-law" F. nato *nudo - - - - *nåto
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå-
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć - Quite irregular: Finnish seiso- (Mordvinic *śta- probably IE)
Ma. ö/ü, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in H. ?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagr - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx? F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"land" F. maa *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - *mëxi
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? -
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
Ma. o/ü, Ms. *a, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë or *ï ?)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
to be sorted
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - fal - *pal -
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Note Mansi labialization!
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wole- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl -
"smell" F. katku K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"brain" F. aivo - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
"to shoot" F. ampa- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ámpo-
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"pale" - šapa- - saapad- - - -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- From *kaxli- "to die"
"membrane" F. kalvo *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"to grind" F. jauha- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"wet" Mk. načka *naačkə - - - *ńašak - Khanty "raw"
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - -
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar -
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- hason ? - - - - H. "use, advantage"
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- -
"roof" F. lakka - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE?
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
Loan etymologies available for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
Messy crap
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-

Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric

Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.

Mansi

Proto-Mansi North () East () South () West ()
*aa åå
*ɯɯ aa ɤɤ
*uu uu uu

Khanty

Proto-Khanty North () East () South (DN)
*aa ɔɔ aa aa
*åå ɔɔ
*oo uu o oo
*ɯɯ ɯɯ
*uu uu uu
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