Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó; Mari *o, except *ë → ü)
'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)


Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. '''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (except in Permic, where the rules are unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal.
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. '''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (except in Permic, where the rules are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal.


{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! FV example !! Udmurt !! Komi !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Lexeme !! FV example !! Mari !! Udmurt !! Komi !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 11: Line 11:
|-
|-
| "fish"
| "fish"
| F. kala || - || - || hal || *kuul || *kuul || *kålä
| F. kala || || - || - || hal || *kuul || *kuul || *kålä
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "bit"
| F. pala || - || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| F. pala || '''pultəš''' || - || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| Mari '''pultəš''', possibly Komi '''palak''' "hole"
| Possibly Komi '''palak''' "hole"
|-
|-
| "pot"
| "pot"
| F. pata || - || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
| F. pata || || - || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
| F. amme- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
| F. amme- || || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
|-
|-
| "marsh"
| "marsh"
| F. aro || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
| F. aro || || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to open"
| Mk. panže- || - || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| Mk. panže- || || - || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
|-
|-
| "crow"
| "crow"
| F. varis || - || - || varjuu || *uurin || *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| F. varis || || - || - || varjuu || *uurin || *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "mountain"
| S. '''*váré''' || vɯr || vɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| S. '''*váré''' || || vɯr || vɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| F. ''vuori'' pointing to *ax?
| F. ''vuori'' pointing to *ax?
|-
|-
| "to go carefully"
| "to go carefully"
| S. '''*váncé-''' || vɯž- || vuž- || - || *wuunč- || *uunč- || *wånč-
| S. '''*váncé-''' || || vɯž- || vuž- || - || *wuunč- || *uunč- || *wånč-
| (why is there a Permic cognate only when Samic has '''*á'''?)
| (why is there a Permic cognate only when Samic has '''*á'''?)
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
| Mk. šašto- || || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
|-
|-
| "to carry"
| "to carry"
| F. kanta- || - || - || - || *kuunt || *kaant || *kån-
| F. kanta- || || - || - || - || *kuunt || *kaant || *kån-
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to steal"
| F. sala- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
| F. sala- || || - || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || - || '''aar''' || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| F. sarajas || || - || - || '''aar''' || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || kulɤm || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| F. kalin || || - || kulɤm || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || kɯĺ- || koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
| S. *kóðé- || || kɯĺ- || koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to sink"
| "to sink"
| F. vajo- || vɯjɯ- || vɤj- || '''vejse-''' || *uuj- || - || -
| F. vajo- || || vɯjɯ- || vɤj- || '''vejse-''' || *uuj- || - || -
|-
|-
| "hut"
| "hut"
| F. talas || tɯlɯs || - || - || *tuul || - || -
| F. talas || || tɯlɯs || - || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". Samic '''*tálo'''; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
| Ms = "pole". Samic '''*tálo'''; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| F. askel- || ućkɯl- || vośkol- || - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| F. askel- || || ućkɯl- || vośkol- || - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
|-
|-
| "white"
| "white"
| Mk. akša || - || - || - || - || *aaš || -
| Mk. akša || || - || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "to drive"
| "to drive"
| F. aja- || uj- || voj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| F. aja- || || uj- || voj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || kuj- || koj- || hajiit || - || - || *käjwå-
| F. kaiva- || || kuj- || koj- || hajiit || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn.
| Smy. palzn.
|-
|-
| "in heat"
| "in heat"
| S. *čóðé- || - || ćual- || salad- || - || - || *såjä
| S. *čóðé- || || - || ćual- || salad- || - || - || *såjä
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal dissimilation?
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal dissimilation?
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
| F. saa- || - || su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| F. saa- || || - || su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxi
| *saxi
|-
|-
| "word"
| "word"
| F. vala || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| F. vala || || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
|-
|-
| "in-law"
| "in-law"
| F. nato || - || - || - || - || - || *nåto
| F. nato || '''nudo''' || - || - || - || - || - || *nåto
| Mari '''nudo'''
|-
|-
| "to rain"
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| F. sata- || || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || - || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
| F. kaja- || || - || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
|-
|-
| "ground"
| "ground"
| F. tanner || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
| F. tanner || || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "branch"
| S. *sórké || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
| S. *sórké || || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
|-
| "to stick"
| "to stick"
| S. *čóŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
| S. *čóŋké- || || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
|-
|-
| "spirit"
| "spirit"
| style="color:red"| Mk. vajmä || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| style="color:red"| Mk. vajmä || || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| Smy. palzn.
| Smy. palzn.
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "to stand"
| Liv. saiso- || - || sidź- || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || -
| Liv. saiso- || '''šinće-''' || - || sidź- || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || -
| '''Highly irregular''': Finnish seiso-, Mordvinic *śta-, *Mari šinće-
| Quite irregular: Finnish '''seiso-''' (Mordvinic *śta- probably unrl.)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*ɯɯ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (standard PU ''*ë'')
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*ɯɯ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (standard PU ''*ë'')
|-
|-
| "tree stump"
| "tree stump"
| F. kanto || - || (gid) || - || *kɯɯnt || *kaant || -
| F. kanto || || - || (gid) || - || *kɯɯnt || *kaant || -
| Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
| Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
|-
|-
| "mushroom"
| "mushroom"
| Mk. pango || - || - || - || *pɯɯŋk || *paaŋk || -
| Mk. pango || || - || - || - || *pɯɯŋk || *paaŋk || -
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
| F. salko || - || '''dźal''' || saal || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| F. salko || || - || '''dźal''' || '''saal''' || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa ?
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
|-
|-
| "wet place"
| "wet place"
| Mk. ńar || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńur || || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
| Mk. ńar || || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńur || || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
|-
|-
| "100"
| "100"
| Mk. śada || śu || śo || saaz || *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| Mk. śada || || śu || śo || '''saaz''' || *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| ← PII *śata; separate loans?
| ← PII *śata; separately in H. ?
|-
|-
| "gills"
| "gills"
| S. *ńókčɤm || - || ńokćim || || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni)
| S. *ńókčɤm || style="color:red"| nošmo || - || ńokćim || || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni)
| Mari <font color="red">nošmo</font>
|-
|-
| "hair"
| "hair"
| S. *vóptɤ || - || - || - || *ɯɯt || *aapət || *ɤptə
| S. *vóptɤ || || - || - || - || *ɯɯt || *aapət || *ɤptə
|-
|-
| "cartilage"
| "cartilage"
| S. *ńórkés || || || ńiir || *ńɯɯrəɣ || *ńaarəɣ || '''*ńɤr'''
| S. *ńórkés || nörɣə || - || - || ńiir || *ńɯɯrəɣ || *ńaarəɣ || *ńɤr
| Hungarian points to ''ëx'', cf. next
|-
|-
| "vein"
| "vein"
| Mk. san || colspan="2" align="center"| *sɤn || iin || *tɯɯn || *ɬaan || '''*čɤn'''
| Mk. san || colspan="2" align="center"| || *sɤn || iin || *tɯɯn || *ɬaan || ''*čɤn''
| ''ëx''! Finnish suoni
| *ëx? Finnish ''suoni''
|-
|-
| "arrow"
| "arrow"
| Mk. nal || ńil || ńɯl || ńiil || *ńɯɯl || *ńaal || *ńɤəj
| Mk. nal || nölö || '''ńil''' || '''ńɯl''' || ńiil || *ńɯɯl || *ńaal || *ńɤəj
| ''ëx''! Finnish nuoli, Mari '''nölö''' ??
| *ëx! Finnish nuoli
|-
|-
| "fish skin"
| "fish skin"
| style="color:red"| Mk. śav || colspan="2" align="center"| *śɤm || - || *sɯɯm || *saam || Nen. śaaw ??
| style="color:red"| Mk. śav || || colspan="2" align="center"| *śɤm || - || *sɯɯm || *saam || Nen. śaaw ??
| ''ëx''! Finnish suomu
| *ëx! Finnish suomu
|-
|-
| "bird cherry"
| "bird cherry"
| S. *ðómɤ || colspan="2" align="center"| *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| S. *ðómɤ || '''lom''' || colspan="2" align="center"| *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| ''ëx''! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin '''ĺom''', Mari '''lom'''
| *ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin '''ĺom'''
|-
|-
| "land"
| "land"
| F. maa || colspan="2" align="center"| *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| F. maa || mu || colspan="2" align="center"| *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| ''ëxi''! Mari mu
| *mëxi
|-
|-
| "child, cradle"
| "child, cradle"
| F. lapsi || - || - || - || - || - || *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
| F. lapsi || || - || - || - || - || - || *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*aa'', Kh. ''*uu'' / ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɯ'' (standard PU ''*ï'' ?)
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*aa'', Kh. ''*uu'' / ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɯ'' (standard PU ''*ï'' ?)
|-
|-
| "down"
| "down"
| F. ala- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ul || al- || *jaal || *ɯɯl || *ɯlə
| F. ala- || ül || colspan="2" align="center"| *ul || al- || *jaal || *ɯɯl || *ɯlə
| Mari '''ül'''
|-
|-
| "liver"
| "liver"
| F. maksa || colspan="2" align="center"| *musk || maaj || *maajət || *muuɣəɬ || *mɯtə
| F. maksa || || colspan="2" align="center"| *musk || maaj || *maajət || *muuɣəɬ || *mɯtə
|-
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| "mother-in-law"
| F. anoppi || - || - || - || *aanəp || '''*oonəp''' || *ɯnå
| F. anoppi || || - || - || - || *aanəp || '''*oonəp''' || *ɯnå
|-
|-
| "to put"
| "to put"
| F. ahta- || - || oktɯ- || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
| F. ahta- || || - || oktɯ- || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
|-
|-
| "lord" || Mk. azor || uzɯr || ozɯr || - || *aatər || - || -
| "lord"
| Mk. azor || || uzɯr || ozɯr || - || *aatər || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| to be sorted
! colspan="8"| to be sorted
|-
|-
| "opening"
| "opening"
| S. *vóŋɤs || ɯm || vom ~ vɤm || aj ~ aaj || - || *ooŋ || *äŋ
| S. *vóŋɤs || '''äŋ''' || ɯm || vom ~ vɤm || aj ~ aaj || - || *ooŋ || *äŋ
| Mo. '''*oŋkśt''', Mari '''äŋ''' - here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
| Mo. '''*oŋkśt'''; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
|-
|-
| "tame"
| "tame"
| S. *vóńɤs || - || - || - || - || *ońɯ || *ɯńə
| S. *vóńɤs || || - || - || - || - || *ońɯ || *ɯńə
|-
|-
| "wall"
| "wall"
| F. pato || - || - || fal || - || *pal || -
| F. pato || || - || - || fal || - || *pal || -
|-
|-
| "beginning"
| "beginning"
| style="color:red"| F. alka- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || style="color:red"| *olə-
| style="color:red"| F. alka- || || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || style="color:red"| *olə-
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
|-
| "aunt"
| "aunt"
| Mk. ańa- || ańɯ || ɤń || aanɟ, ańa || *aań- || *anəkə || Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
| Mk. ańa- || || ańɯ || ɤń || aanɟ, ańa || *aań- || *anəkə || Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| Mk. šavo- || - || - || - || *šɯɯŋkʷ- || *čooŋk- || *čåŋå-
| Mk. šavo- || || - || - || - || *šɯɯŋkʷ- || *čooŋk- || *čåŋå-
| Samic '''*cáŋmé-'''. Note Mansi labialization!
| Samic '''*cáŋmé-'''. Note Mansi labialization!
|-
|-
| "light"
| "light"
| F. salama || - || - || - || *sɯɯl || *sal- || *sålə
| F. salama || || - || - || - || *sɯɯl || *sal- || *sålə
|-
|-
| "sour"
| "sour"
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || - || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || || - || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| Coincidental?
| Coincidental?
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to open"
| F. ava- || - || - || style="color:red"| old-, ood- || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
| F. ava- || || - || - || style="color:red"| old-, ood- || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| Mk. valgo- || || || || *wɯɯɣəl || ? aa~ee || -
| Mk. valgo- || wole || || || || *wɯɯɣəl || ? aa~ee || -
| Mari wole
|-
|-
| "village"
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || falu || *pɯɯwəl || *puuɣəl || -
| F. palva- || || - || - || falu || *pɯɯwəl || *puuɣəl || -
|-
|-
| "bitter"
| "bitter"
| F. katkera || kɤš || - || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || *kiičə ? || -
| F. katkera || || kɤš || - || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || *kiičə ? || -
|-
|-
| "smell"
| "smell"
| F. katku || - || kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| F. katku || || - || kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev.
| Cf. prev.
|-
|-
| "to stretch"
| "to stretch"
| S. *ńóncé- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńuž- || - || *ńuunš- || *ńɯɯnč || -
| S. *ńóncé- || || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńuž- || - || *ńuunš- || *ńɯɯnč || -
|-
|-
| "meadow"
| "meadow"
| Es. aas || aź || adź || asoo || - || - || -
| Es. aas || || aź || adź || asoo || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| Mk. ćapa- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ćapkɯ- || čap- || - || - || -
| Mk. ćapa- || || colspan="2" align="center"| *ćapkɯ- || čap- || - || - || -
| Onomatopoetic?
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
|-
| "to chop"
| "to chop"
| Er. čapo- || čup- || čup- || - || - || *čopam || -
| Er. čapo- || || čup- || čup- || - || - || *čopam || -
| S. '''*cápɤ-'''. Cf. prev.
| S. '''*cápɤ-'''. Cf. prev.
|-
|-
| "brain"
| "brain"
| F. aivo || - || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| F. aivo || || - || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| Mk. '''uj''' ?
| Mk. '''uj''' ?
|-
|-
| "to conjure"
| "to conjure"
| Er. al(s)ta- || - || - || aald- || - || *aaɬəɬ- || -
| Er. al(s)ta- || ulte- || - || - || aald- || - || *aaɬəɬ- || -
| Mari '''ulte-'''
|-
|-
| "to giv"
| "to giv"
| F. anta- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ud- || ad- || - || - || -
| F. anta- || || colspan="2" align="center"| *ud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to shoot"
| "to shoot"
| F. ampa- || ɯb- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ampa- || || ɯb- || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''ámpo-'''
| S. '''ámpo-'''
|-
|-
| "to be born"
| "to be born"
| Mk. šačo- || čɯžɯ- || ćuž- || - || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
| Mk. šačo- || || čɯžɯ- || ćuž- || - || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
|-
|-
| "pale"
| "pale"
| Ma. šapa- || - || - || saapad- || - || - || -
| - || šapa- || - || - || saapad- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "father-in-law"
| "father-in-law"
| F. appi || - || - || ipa || *up || *uup || *əpə
| F. appi || style="color:red"| owo || - || - || ipa || *up || *uup || *əpə
| Mari owo
|-
|-
| "value"
| "value"
| F. arvo || - || arta- || aar || - || - || -
| F. arvo || || - || arta- || aar || - || - || -
| ← Indo-Iranian
| ← Indo-Iranian
|-
|-
| "place"
| "place"
| F. ase- || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso
| F. ase- || || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso
| Mo. '''*äźem'''
| Mo. '''*äźem'''
|-
|-
| "sleigh"
| "sleigh"
| F. ahkio || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
| F. ahkio || || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
|-
|-
| "door bolt"
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || dźɯrɯ || dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. sarana || || dźɯrɯ || dźir || čir || - || - || -
| Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic.
| Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic.
|-
|-
| "hard"
| "hard"
| S. '''*čárés''' || ćurɯt || ćorɯd || - || - || - || *sårə
| S. '''*čárés''' || || ćurɯt || ćorɯd || - || - || - || *sårə
|-
|-
| "rotten"
| "rotten"
| S. *cómcé || šudžam || žodź || - || - || - || -
| S. *cómcé || šać || šudžam || žodź || - || - || - || -
| Mari šać
|-
|-
| "to divide"
| "to divide"
| F. jaka- || colspan="2" align="center"| *juk || - || *jåɣtit ? || *jɯɯɣəɬ || *jɤkə-
| F. jaka- || || colspan="2" align="center"| *juk || - || *jåɣtit ? || *jɯɯɣəɬ || *jɤkə-
| Ms. East only
| Ms. East only
|-
|-
| "foot"
| "foot"
| F. jalka || - || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
| F. jalka || || - || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "gruel"
| "gruel"
| Mk. jam || - || - || - || - || - || *jam ?
| Mk. jam || || - || - || - || - || - || *jam ?
|-
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| "to take off; to be able"
| F. jaksa- || colspan="2" align="center"| *juskɯ- || - || - || - || -
| F. jaksa- || || colspan="2" align="center"| *juskɯ- || - || - || - || -
| Er. '''jukśe-'''
| Er. '''jukśe-'''
|-
|-
| "to ask"
| "to ask"
| Ma. jåda- || colspan="2" align="center"| *jual- || - || - || - || -
| - || Ma. jåda- || colspan="2" align="center"| *jual- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "tip"
| "tip"
| F. kasa || - || - || - || hëɟ || - || -
| F. kasa || || - || - || - || hëɟ || - || -
| S. '''keačé'''
| S. '''keačé'''
|-
|-
| "to present"
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || kudźɯm || koźin || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
| Mk. kaźe- || kužək || kudźɯm || koźin || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
| Mari '''kužək'''
|-
|-
| "to look"
| "to look"
| F. katso- || kaźal- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. katso- || || kaźal- || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''keaččɤ-'''. F. may be ← Gmc.
| S. '''keaččɤ-'''. F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "rotten"
| "rotten"
| Ma. *kåškə- || kuź || kuj || - || - || - || -
| - || Ma. *kåškə- || kuź || kuj || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "resin"
| "resin"
| F. kata || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| F. kata || || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. '''kɤččé''', '''koaccé'''
| S. '''kɤččé''', '''koaccé'''
|-
|-
| "to breik"
| "to breik"
| F. katkea- || kwačkal- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. katkea- || '''*kɤčkeða-''' || kwačkal- || - || - || - || - || -
| Mari '''*kɤčkeða-'''
|-
|-
| "to bite"
| "to bite"
| S. '''kácké-''' || - || gɤčkɯ- || - || - || - || -
| S. '''kácké-''' || || - || gɤčkɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "smell"
| F. katku || - || kočɯs || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "early"
| "early"
| Ma. åžno || vaź || vodź || - || - || - || -
| - || Ma. åžno || vaź || vodź || - || - || - || -
| rowspan="3"| Can also be *o?
| rowspan="3"| Can also be *o?
|-
|-
| "to look"
| "to look"
| Ma. ånče- || colspan="2" align="center"| *addź- || - || - || - || -
| - || Ma. ånče- || colspan="2" align="center"| *addź- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "across"
| "across"
| Ma. kåč || - || kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
| - || Ma. kåč || - || kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to accuse"
| "to accuse"
| NS guoccot || kušɯ || - || - || - || - || -
| NS guoccot || - || kušɯ || - || - || - || - || -
| No other words.
| No other words!
|-
| "scoop"
| || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| "to thro"
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || kujal- || koj- || hajiit- || - || - || -
| Mo. kaja- || || kujal- || koj- || hajiit- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "gull"
| "gull"
| F. kajava || - || gaďa || - || *kåjik || - || -
| F. kajava || || - || gaďa || - || *kåjik || - || -
| S. '''kájéké'''
| S. '''kájéké'''
|-
|-
| "to touch"
| "to touch"
| F. kajoa- || - || - || - || N. xooj- || *kaaj- || -
| F. kajoa- || || - || - || - || N. xooj- || *kaaj- || -
| S. '''kájó-'''
| S. '''kájó-'''
|-
|-
| "2"
| "2"
| S. *kókté || kɯk || kɯk || '''keet''' || '''*kit''' || '''*kiit, käät''' || '''*kêtä'''
| S. *kókté || || kɯk || kɯk || '''keet''' || '''*kit''' || '''*kiit, käät''' || '''*kêtä'''
| *kekta in eastern branches
| *kekta in eastern branches
|-
|-
| "death"
| "death"
| F. kalma || - || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| F. kalma || || - || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
|-
|-
| "membrane"
| "membrane"
| F. kalvo || kiĺ || kiĺ || haaĺog || *kaĺəp || *kaĺi ||
| F. kalvo || || kiĺ || kiĺ || haaĺog || *kaĺəp || *kaĺi ||
|}
|}
<!-- Dun uptu *kal-.
<!-- Dun uptu *kal-.
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || ||
Delt |-
Delt |-
| "to flay"
| "to flay"
| S. *ńóvɤ- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| S. *ńóvɤ- || || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| Rather looks like *o
| Rather looks like *o
|-
|-
| "goose"
| "goose"
| S. '''*hɤŋá''' || - || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| S. '''*hɤŋá''' || || - || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form. Medials don't match.
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form. Medials don't match.
|-
|-
| "ice crust"
| "ice crust"
| S. *čóké || - || - || zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
| S. *čóké || || - || - || zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
| Initials a mess.
| Initials a mess.
|-
|-
| "gnarled"
| "gnarled"
| F. jaari- || - || - || - || - || - || *jäər- ?
| F. jaari- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jäər- ?
| Outrageously bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
| Outrageously bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
|-
|-
| "sno"
| "sno"
| (*jɤsɤ) || colspan="2" align="center"| juž || - || - || - || -
| (*jɤsɤ) || jož || colspan="2" align="center"| juž || - || - || - || -
| S. meaning "remaining sno", P. & Mari jož meaning "hard sno"
| S. meaning "remaining sno", P. & Ma. meaning "hard sno"
-->
-->


Revision as of 23:58, 7 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (except in Permic, where the rules are partly unclear), red consonantal.

Lexeme FV example Mari Udmurt Komi Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ms. / Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"fish" F. kala - - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä
"bit" F. pala pultəš - - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata - - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to open" Mk. panže- - - - *puunš *puunč -
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"mountain" S. *váré vɯr vɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå F. vuori pointing to *ax?
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- vɯž- vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč- (why is there a Permic cognate only when Samic has *á?)
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to carry" F. kanta- - - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"to steal" F. sala- - - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"net" F. kalin - kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to leave" S. *kóðé- kɯĺ- koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to sink" F. vajo- vɯjɯ- vɤj- vejse- *uuj- - -
"hut" F. talas tɯlɯs - - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
"to step" F. askel- ućkɯl- vośkol- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"white" Mk. akša - - - - *aaš -
"to drive" F. aja- uj- voj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"to dig" F. kaiva- kuj- koj- hajiit - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn.
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal dissimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- - su- - - - *tåj- *saxi
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"in-law" F. nato nudo - - - - - *nåto
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå-
"sun" F. kaja- - - - - - *kåjå
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn.
"to stand" Liv. saiso- šinće- - sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć - Quite irregular: Finnish seiso- (Mordvinic *śta- probably unrl.)
Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (gid) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango - - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"wet place" Mk. ńar *ńur *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"100" Mk. śada śu śo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in H. ?
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm nošmo - ńokćim *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni)
"hair" S. *vóptɤ - - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés nörɣə - - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx? Finnish suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal nölö ńil ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! Finnish nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Nen. śaaw ?? *ëx! Finnish suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin ĺom
"land" F. maa mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - *mëxi
"child, cradle" F. lapsi - - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
Ms. *aa, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ï ?)
"down" F. ala- ül *ul al- *jaal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"liver" F. maksa *musk maaj *maajət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- - oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"lord" Mk. azor uzɯr ozɯr - *aatər - -
to be sorted
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ ɯm vom ~ vɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - - fal - *pal -
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"aunt" Mk. ańa- ańɯ ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"to hit" Mk. šavo- - - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Note Mansi labialization!
"light" F. salama - - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"sour" F. hapan - - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- wole *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"village" F. palva- - - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl -
"bitter" F. katkera kɤš - - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? -
"smell" F. katku - kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"meadow" Es. aas aź adź asoo - - -
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- čup- čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"brain" F. aivo - - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- ulte- - - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"to giv" F. anta- *ud- ad- - - -
"to shoot" F. ampa- ɯb- - - - - - S. ámpo-
"to be born" Mk. šačo- čɯžɯ- ćuž- - *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"pale" - šapa- - - saapad- - - -
"father-in-law" F. appi owo - - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. *äźem
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"door bolt" F. sarana dźɯrɯ dźir čir - - - Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic.
"hard" S. *čárés ćurɯt ćorɯd - - - *sårə
"rotten" S. *cómcé šać šudžam žodź - - - -
"to divide" F. jaka- *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only
"foot" F. jalka - - ɟalog - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jam ?
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"to ask" - Ma. jåda- *jual- - - - -
"tip" F. kasa - - - hëɟ - - S. keačé
"to present" Mk. kaźe- kužək kudźɯm koźin hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"to look" F. katso- kaźal- - - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"rotten" - Ma. *kåškə- kuź kuj - - - -
"resin" F. kata - - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤčkeða- kwačkal- - - - - -
"to bite" S. kácké- - gɤčkɯ- - - - -
"early" - Ma. åžno vaź vodź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - Ma. ånče- *addź- - - - -
"across" - Ma. kåč - kɤččɤb - - - -
"to accuse" NS guoccot - kušɯ - - - - - No other words!
"to thro" Mo. kaja- kujal- koj- hajiit- - - -
"gull" F. kajava - gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - - N. xooj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"2" S. *kókté kɯk kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"death" F. kalma - - - - - *kålm-
"membrane" F. kalvo kiĺ kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi

Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric

Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.

Mansi

Proto-Mansi North () East () South () West ()
*aa åå
*ɯɯ aa ɤɤ
*uu uu uu

Khanty

Proto-Khanty North () East () South (DN)
*aa ɔɔ aa aa
*åå ɔɔ
*oo uu o oo
*ɯɯ ɯɯ
*uu uu uu
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