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Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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(→‎The Active Voice: Revisions added.)
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>évlep-sä</font>, I saw, was seeing
|c=01| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-ςα</font>, I saw, was seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-säme</font>, we saw, were seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςαμε</font>, we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>évlep-ses</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|c=01| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-ςες</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-säte</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλεπ-ςατε</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>évlep-se</font>, he, she, it we saw, was seeing
|c=01| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-ςε</font>, he, she, it we saw, was seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>évlep-sän</font>, they we saw, were seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>έβλεπ-ςαν<font>, they we saw, were seeing
|}
|}
*Class II
*Class II
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ágäp-sä</font>, I loved, was loving
|c=01| <font color=blue>άγαπ-ςα</font>, I loved, was loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägáp-säme</font>, we loved, were loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγάπ-ςαμε</font>, we loved, were loving
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ágäp-ses</font>, you loved, were loving
|c=01| <font color=blue>άγαπ-ςες</font>, you loved, were loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägáp-säte</font>, you loved, were loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγάπ-ςατε</font>, you loved, were loving
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ágäp-se</font>, he, she, it loved, was loving
|c=01| <font color=blue>άγαπ-ςε</font>, he, she, it loved, was loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ágäp-sän</font>, they loved, were loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>άγαπ-ςαν</font>, they loved, were loving
|}
|}


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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.1
|i=No| 1.1
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa vlép-o</font>, I shall love
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ω</font>, I shall love
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa vlép-oume</font>, we shall love
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ουμε</font>, we shall love
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa vlép-is</font>, you will love
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ις</font>, you will love
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa vlép-ete</font>, you will love
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ετε</font>, you will love
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa vlép-i</font>, he, she, it will love
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ι</font>, he, she, it will love
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa vlép-oun</font>, they will love
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα βλέπ-ουν</font>, they will love
|}
|}
*Class II
*Class II
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-ó</font>, I answer
|c=01| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-ώ</font>, I answer
|c=02| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-áme</font>, we answer
|c=02| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-άμε</font>, we answer
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-ás</font>, you answer
|c=01| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-άς</font>, you answer
|c=02| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-áte</font>, you answer
|c=02| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-άτε</font>, you answer
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-á</font>, he, she, it answers
|c=01| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-ά</font>, he, she, it answers
|c=02| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-án</font>, they answer
|c=02| <font color=blue>θ' αγαπ-άν</font>, they answer
|}
|}


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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ého vlepømén</font>, I have seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχω βλεπομέν</font>, I have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>éhoume vlepømén</font>, we have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχουμε βλεπομέν</font>, we have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>éhis vlepømén</font>, you have seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχις βλεπομέν</font>, you have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>éhete vlepømén</font>, you have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχετε βλεπομέν</font>, you have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>éhi vlepømén</font>, he, she, it has seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>έχι βλεπομέν</font>, he, she, it has seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>éhoun vlepømén</font>, they have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>έχουν βλεπομέν</font>, they have seen
|}
|}
*The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
*The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>íha vlepømén</font>, I had seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχα βλεπομέν</font>, I had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>íhame vlepømén</font>, we had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχαμε βλεπομέν</font>, we had seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>íhes vlepømén</font>, you had seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχες βλεπομέν</font>, you had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>íhate vlepømén</font>, you had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχατε βλεπομέν</font>, you had seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>íhe vlepømén</font>, he, she, it had seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>ίχε βλεπομέν</font>, he, she, it had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>íhan vlepømén</font>, they had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>ίχαν βλεπομέν</font>, they had seen
|}
|}
*The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
*The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa ého vlepømén</font>, I shall have seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχω βλεπομέν</font>, I shall have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa éhoume vlepømén</font>, we shall have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχουμε βλεπομέν</font>, we shall have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa éhis vlepømén</font>, you will have seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχις βλεπομέν</font>, you will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa éhete vlepømén</font>, you will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχετε βλεπομέν</font>, you will have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa éhi vlepømén</font>, he, she, it will have seen
|c=01| <font color=blue>θα έχι βλεπομέν</font>, he, she, it will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa éhoun vlepømén</font>, they will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>θα έχουν βλεπομέν</font>, they will have seen
|}
|}
*The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
*The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
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*The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
*The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
*Most verbs in Athonite form the indefinite by adding <font color=blue>-so</font> to the present form minus the <font color=blue>-o</font>.
*Athonite verbs form the indefinite by adding <font color=blue>-ςω</font> to the present form minus the <font color=blue>-o</font>.
*Class I
*Class I
{|border=1
{|border=1
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-so</font>, I want
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςω</font>, I want
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-soume</font>, we want
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςουμε</font>, we want
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-sis</font>, you want
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςις</font>, you want
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-sete</font>, you want
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςετε</font>, you want
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-si</font>, he, she, it wants
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςι</font>, he, she, it wants
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-soun</font>, they want
|c=02| <font color=blue>βλέπ-ςουν</font>, they want
|}
|}
*Class II
*Class II
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|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäp-só</font>, I love
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςώ</font>, I love
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäp-sáme</font>, we love
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάμε</font>, we love
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäp-sás</font>, you love
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάς</font>, you love
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäp-sáte</font>, you love
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάτε</font>, you love
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäp-sá</font>, he, she, it love
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςά</font>, he, she, it love
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäp-sán</font>, they love
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπ-ςάν</font>, they love
|}
|}
*There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
*The indefinite form is preceded by <font color=blue>να</font> and follows the main verb.
**<font color=blue>légo, po</font>
**<font color=blue>Θέλω να βλέπςω</font>, I want to see.
**<font color=blue>ðíno, ðǿso</font>
**<font color=blue>Θέλω ν' αγαπ-ςά</font>, I want him to love.
**<font color=blue>pijéno, páo</font>.
*The indefinite form is preceded by <font color=blue>na</font> and follows the main verb.
**<font color=blue>Þélo na vlépso</font>, I want to see.
**<font color=blue>Þélo na ägäpsá</font>, I want him to love.


===The Imperative===
===The Imperative===
*The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
*The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
*To form the present imperative, <font color=blue>-e</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(e)te</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-o</font> of the indefinite.
*To form the present imperative, <font color=blue>-ε</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(ε)τε</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-ω</font> of the indefinite.
{|border=1
{|border=1
|c=01| singular
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlépse</font>, see
|c=01| <font color=blue>βλέπςε</font>, see
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlépsete</font>, see
|c=02| <font color=blue>>βλέπςε</font>, see
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäpáse</font>, love
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπςέ</font>, love
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäpás(e)te</font>, love
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπςέτε</font>, love
|}
|}
*To form the continuous imperative, <font color=blue>-e</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(e)te</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-o</font> of the present.
*To form the continuous imperative, <font color=blue>-ε</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(ε)τε</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-o</font> of the present.
{|border=1
{|border=1
|c=01| singular
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlépe</font>, keep on seeing
|c=01| <font color=blue>>βλέπε</font>, keep on seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép(e)te</font>, keep on seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>>βλέπ(ε)τε</font>, keep on seeing
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäpá</font>, keep on loving
|c=01| <font color=blue>αγαπέ</font>, keep on loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäpáte</font>, keep on loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>αγαπέτε</font>, keep on loving
|}
|}
*A negative command is expressed by <font color=blue>mi</font> and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action if fixed or continuous.
*A negative command is expressed by <font color=blue>μι</font> and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action if fixed or continuous.
**<font color=blue>Mi ton ägäpáse</font>, Do not love him.
**<font color=blue>Μι τον αγαπςέ</font>, Do not love him.


===The Active Participle===
===The Active Participle===
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*It is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
*It is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
*Class I
*Class I
**<font color=blue>vlépo</font> > <font color=blue>vlepǿnt</font>, seeing
**<font color=blue>βλέπω</font> > <font color=blue>βλέποντ</font>, seeing
*Class II
*Class II
**<font color=blue>ägäpó</font> > <font color=blue>ägäpónt</font>, loving
**<font color=blue>αγαπώ</font> > <font color=blue>αγαπόντ</font>, loving
*The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of <font color=blue>íme</font> to form progressive tenses.
*The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of <font color=blue>ίμε</font> to form progressive tenses.
{|border=1
{|border=1
|c=01| present
|c=01| present

Revision as of 12:54, 31 March 2009

A SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE, THAT IS, THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN BY THE PEOPLE OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN, (cont.)

Verbs

Verb Classes

  • The Athonite verb system has been simplified to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek and in Turkish have been reduced to six.
  • The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
  • Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
  • Under Turkish influence only two irregular verbs remain.

The Auxiliary Verbs

  • The auxiliary verbs are the two remaining irregular verbs.
  • έχω, I have
present past future
1s έχ-ω, I have ίχ-α, I had θα έχ-ω, I shall have
2s έχ-ις, you have ίχ-ες, you had θα έχ-ις, you will have
3s έχ-ι, he, she, it has ίχ-ε, he, she, it had θα έχ-ι, he, she, it will have
1p έχ-ομε, we have ίχ-αμε, we had θα έχ-ομε, we shall have
2p έχ-ετε, you have ίχ-ατε, you had θα έχ-ετε, you will have
3p έχ-ουν, they have ίχ-αν, they had θα έχ-ουν, they will have
  • íme, I am
present past future
1s ί-με, I am ί-μουν, I was θα ί-με, I shall be
2s ί-ςε, you are ί-ςουν, you were θα ί-ςε, you will be
3s ί-νε, he, she, it is ί-ταν, he, she, it was θα ί-νε, he, she, it will be
1p ί-μαςτε, we are ί-μαςτε, we were θα ί-μαςτε, we shall be
2p ί-ςτε, you are ί-ςαςτε, you were θα ί-ςτε, you will be
3p ί-νε, they are ί-ταν, they were θα ί-νε, they will be

The Active Voice

  • The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.

The Present Tense

  • Class I
singular plural
1. βλέπ-ω, I see βλέπ-ουμε, we see
2. βλέπ-ις, you see βλέπ-ετε, you see
3. βλέπ-ι, he, she, it sees βλέπ-ουν, they see
  • Class II
singular plural
1. αγαπ-ώ, I love αγαπ-άμε, we love
2. αγαπ-άς, you love αγαπ-άςε, you love
3. αγαπ-ά, he, she, it loves αγαπ-άν, they love

The Past Tense

  • The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
  • When there is no third syllable, the augment e- is added.
  • Class I
singular plural
1. έβλεπ-ςα, I saw, was seeing βλέπ-ςαμε, we saw, were seeing
2. έβλεπ-ςες, you we saw, were seeing βλεπ-ςατε, you we saw, were seeing
3. έβλεπ-ςε, he, she, it we saw, was seeing έβλεπ-ςαν, they we saw, were seeing
  • Class II
singular plural
1. άγαπ-ςα, I loved, was loving αγάπ-ςαμε, we loved, were loving
2. άγαπ-ςες, you loved, were loving αγάπ-ςατε, you loved, were loving
3. άγαπ-ςε, he, she, it loved, was loving άγαπ-ςαν, they loved, were loving

The Future Tense

  • The future tense is formed by putting the particle þa before the present tense.
  • Class I
singular plural
1.1 θα βλέπ-ω, I shall love θα βλέπ-ουμε, we shall love
2. θα βλέπ-ις, you will love θα βλέπ-ετε, you will love
3. θα βλέπ-ι, he, she, it will love θα βλέπ-ουν, they will love
  • Class II
singular plural
1. θ' αγαπ-ώ, I answer θ' αγαπ-άμε, we answer
2. θ' αγαπ-άς, you answer θ' αγαπ-άτε, you answer
3. θ' αγαπ-ά, he, she, it answers θ' αγαπ-άν, they answer

The Present Perfect Tense

  • The perfect tenses are not as commonly used in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb ého, I have, and the passive participle.
singular plural
1. έχω βλεπομέν, I have seen έχουμε βλεπομέν, we have seen
2. έχις βλεπομέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπομέν, you have seen
3. έχι βλεπομέν, he, she, it has seen έχουν βλεπομέν, they have seen
  • The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.

The Past Perfect Tense

  • The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb ého and the passive participle.
singular plural
1. ίχα βλεπομέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπομέν, we had seen
2. ίχες βλεπομέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπομέν, you had seen
3. ίχε βλεπομέν, he, she, it had seen ίχαν βλεπομέν, they had seen
  • The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.

The Future Perfect Tense

  • The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auxiliary verb ého and the passive participle.
singular plural
1. θα έχω βλεπομέν, I shall have seen θα έχουμε βλεπομέν, we shall have seen
2. θα έχις βλεπομέν, you will have seen θα έχετε βλεπομέν, you will have seen
3. θα έχι βλεπομέν, he, she, it will have seen θα έχουν βλεπομέν, they will have seen
  • The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.

The Indefinite Form

  • The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
  • The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
  • Athonite verbs form the indefinite by adding -ςω to the present form minus the -o.
  • Class I
singular plural
1. βλέπ-ςω, I want βλέπ-ςουμε, we want
2. βλέπ-ςις, you want βλέπ-ςετε, you want
3. βλέπ-ςι, he, she, it wants βλέπ-ςουν, they want
  • Class II
singular plural
1. αγαπ-ςώ, I love αγαπ-ςάμε, we love
2. αγαπ-ςάς, you love αγαπ-ςάτε, you love
3. αγαπ-ςά, he, she, it love αγαπ-ςάν, they love
  • The indefinite form is preceded by να and follows the main verb.
    • Θέλω να βλέπςω, I want to see.
    • Θέλω ν' αγαπ-ςά, I want him to love.

The Imperative

  • The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
  • To form the present imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the indefinite.
singular plural
βλέπςε, see >βλέπςε, see
αγαπςέ, love αγαπςέτε, love
  • To form the continuous imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -o of the present.
singular plural
>βλέπε, keep on seeing >βλέπ(ε)τε, keep on seeing
αγαπέ, keep on loving αγαπέτε, keep on loving
  • A negative command is expressed by μι and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action if fixed or continuous.
    • Μι τον αγαπςέ, Do not love him.

The Active Participle

  • A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
  • The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
  • It is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
  • Class I
    • βλέπω > βλέποντ, seeing
  • Class II
    • αγαπώ > αγαπόντ, loving
  • The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ίμε to form progressive tenses.
present íme vlepǿnt, I am seeing, etc.
past ímoun vlepǿnt, I was seeing, etc.
future þa íme vlepǿnt, I shall be seeing, etc.
present perfect ého ímen vlepǿnt, I have been seeing, etc.
past perfect íha ímen vlepǿnt, I had been seeing, etc.
future perfect þa ého ímen vlepǿnt, I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice

  • The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb 'to be' and the passive participle.

The Passive Participle

  • The passive participle is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
  • Class I
    • vlépo > vlepømén, seen
  • Class II
    • ägäpó > ägäpamén, loved

The Present Tense

singular plural
1. íme vlepomén, I am see ímaste vlepomén, we are seen
2. íse vlepomén, you are seen íste vlepomén, you are seen
3. íne vlepomén, he, she, it is seen íne vlepomén, they are seen

The Past Tense

singular plural
1. ímoun vlepomén, I was seen ímäste vlepomén, we were seen
2. ísoun vlepomén, you were seen ísäste vlepomén, you were seen
3. ítän vlepomén, he, she, it was seen ítän vlepomén, they were seen

The Future Tense

singular plural
1. þa íme vlepomén, I am seen þa ímaste vlepomén, we are seen
2. þa íse vlepomén, you are seen þa íste vlepomén, you are seen
3. þa íne vlepomén, he, she, it is seen þa íne vlepomén, they are seen

The Perfect Tenses

The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of éhø with the passive participle of íme.

present éhø ímen vlepomén, I have been seen, etc.
past íha ímen vlepomén, I had been seen, etc.
future þa éhø ímen vlepomén, I shall have been seen, etc.

The Use of na

  • Intention, hope, desire and the like are expressed by using the particle na.
    • With the present tense, na expresses a continuous intention, etc.
      • Þélo na ðoulévo éksi óri tin imér, I want to be working six hours a day.
      • Árhise na träguðá, He started singing.
    • With the indefinite, na expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
      • Élpidzo na ftáso stin Aþín stis tris m.m., I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
      • Børó na páro énä tsigár, May I take a cigarette?
    • With the past tense, na expresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.
      • Htes tø vráðu íþelsä na píjenä stø þéät alá ðen bóresä, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
  • Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by ná.
    • prépi, it is necessary; axédzi, it is worthwhile, etc.
      • Prépi na pijéno tórä, I must be going now.

Adverbs

  • Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
    • Some common adverbs:
      • edó here
      • ekí there
      • píso behind
      • brostá in front
      • tóra now
      • úster after, later
      • norís early
      • ávri tomorrow
      • hþes yesterday
      • polú a lot, very
      • kiøl already
      • pøt never
      • páli again
      • ísos perhaps
      • pántø always
      • äkóm yet
      • ésti thus
  • Adverbs may be formed from adjectives by adding -a to the adjective.
    • ísuh, quiet; ísuha, quietly
    • kal, good; kála, well
    • ärkét, sufficient; ärketá, sufficiently, rather
  • The comparative and superlative of adverbs is formed in the same way as with adjectives.
    • éfkøl, easy; éfkøla, easily
    • piø éfkøl, easier; piø éfkøla, more easily
    • ø piø éfkøl, easiest; ø piø éfkøla, most easily

ÁÄÐÉÍÓǾØÚÞáäðéíóøǿþúüǘ

Conjunctions

Prepositions

Suffixes

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