Tanemantin: Difference between revisions

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|'''Palatal'''
|'''Palatal'''
|'''Velar'''
|'''Velar'''
|'''Labio-Velar'''
|'''Glottal'''
|'''Glottal'''
|-
|-
|'''Plosive/Affricate'''
|'''Plosive/Affricate'''
|'''p''' /pʰ/ '''b''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/ '
|'''t''' /tʰ/ '''d''' /t/
|'''t''' /t/ '''d''' /t/  
|
|'''ts''' /ʦ/
|'''j''' /ʨ/
|'''ch''' /c/
|'''k''' /kʰ/ '''g'''/k/
|'''c''' /k/ '''g''' /g/
|'''qu''' /kʷ/
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|
|-
|-
|'''Fricative'''
|'''Fricative'''
|'''f''' /f/
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|'''th''' /θ/
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|'''s''' /s/
|'''s''' /s/
|'''x''' /ɕ/
|'''hy''' /ç/
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|
|
|'''h''' /h/
|'''h''' /h/
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|'''n''' /n/
|'''n''' /n/
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|'''ny''' /ɲ/
|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
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|-
|-
|'''Liquid'''
|'''Liquid'''
|'''w''' /w/
|  
|
|
|'''r''' /ɾ/ '''l''' /l/  
|'''r''' /ɾ/ '''l''' /l/  
|'''y''' /j/
|'''y''' /j/
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|'''w''' /w/ '''hw''' /ʍ/
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There are four vowel phonemes /i e a o/. Length is phonemic, and long vowels are distinguished with macrons. There are also six diphthongs, all falling /ai ae ao ei eo oi/; there are no length distinctions in diphthongs.


The ten vowel phonemes are '''a e i u ā ē ī ū ai au''' /a e i u a: e: i: u: aj aw/. Vowel length is phonemic, and length alteration a fairly important part of Tanemantin morphology. /aj aw/ are considered to be long vowels, and their corresponding short forms /i u/.
===Stress===


Stress in Tanemantin is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable of the word unless an adjacent syllable has a long vowel nucleus, in which case the stress shifts to that syllable. If both the final and antepenultimate vowels are long, stress falls on the final vowel.  
Stress in Tanemantin is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable of the word unless an adjacent syllable has a long vowel nucleus, in which case the stress shifts to that syllable. If both the final and antepenultimate vowels are long, stress falls on the final vowel. Monosyllabic semantic words are stressed, grammatical particles are not.  


===Syllable Structure===
===Syllable Structure===


Tanemantin has a (C)V(C) syllable structure. The vowel is the only compulsory element of a syllable, and CC clusters only occur word-internally. Most potential clusters are attested in the language except for fricative-fricative clusters, which simplified to single fricatives at an earlier stage (in the native orthography fricative-fricative clusters still appear, e.g. '''axu''' ''the Moon'' is written ath.xu from Sarim ''*ɛtsɛxu'' ); clusters including one of /j w/ (which presumably simplified before the modern orthography was set, e.g. '''danē''' ''yam'' from Sarim ''*θanwɛŋ'''; and clusters of stop+fricative, as attested in the lative case, e.g. '''yad''' all. singular '''yadi''', all. plural '''yadithi''' . Word finally, only '''m t d n s th r l h''' occur.
Tanemantin has a (C)V(m n ŋ s) syllable structure, with the following caveats:
 
 
===Morpho-phonological Processes===
 
Although the number of Tanemantin coda consonants is limited, Tanemantin roots can end in any consonant or cluster of two consonants, for example '''mug-''' ''sea'', '''mart-''' ''cut''. In the absolutive singular and construct state of verbs, roots such as these undergo changes to make them meet Tanemantin's phonological criteria. For stems ending in a single consonant:
 
-'''k g x''' all become '''h'''. So '''mug-''' has the absolutive singular form '''muh'''
-'''p b j w y''' are lost, with any preceding short vowel lengthened.
 
For roots ending in two consonants, the following rules apply:


- the second consonant of the cluster is deleted.
- /sj/ does not occur, having merged with /ç/ at an earlier stage.  
- if the resulting single consonant is not a permitted coda consonant, it undergoes the same changes as for single consonants given above.  


- /ç/ and /ʍ/ do not occur after consonants.


== Nominal Morphology ==
== Nominal Morphology ==

Revision as of 13:19, 25 March 2009

Tanemantin is one of the Ke:tic languages and a descendent of the classical language Sarim.


Phonology

Tanemantin distinguishes between 16 consonant phonemes

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-Velar Glottal
Plosive/Affricate p /p/ ' t /t/ d /t/ ts /ʦ/ ch /c/ c /k/ g /g/ qu /kʷ/
Fricative s /s/ hy /ç/ h /h/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ny /ɲ/ ŋ /ŋ/
Liquid r /ɾ/ l /l/ y /j/ w /w/ hw /ʍ/

There are four vowel phonemes /i e a o/. Length is phonemic, and long vowels are distinguished with macrons. There are also six diphthongs, all falling /ai ae ao ei eo oi/; there are no length distinctions in diphthongs.

Stress

Stress in Tanemantin is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable of the word unless an adjacent syllable has a long vowel nucleus, in which case the stress shifts to that syllable. If both the final and antepenultimate vowels are long, stress falls on the final vowel. Monosyllabic semantic words are stressed, grammatical particles are not.

Syllable Structure

Tanemantin has a (C)V(m n ŋ s) syllable structure, with the following caveats:

- /sj/ does not occur, having merged with /ç/ at an earlier stage.

- /ç/ and /ʍ/ do not occur after consonants.

Nominal Morphology

Tanemantin is a largely fusional language - inflexional morphemes can carry more than one meaning. Tanemantin nouns are declined for six cases: Absolutive, Lative, Locative, Ablative, Partitive and Ergative, aswell as singular and plural numbers. There are six noun declensions in Tanemantin, based on the final sound of the root: The first consists roots ending in a consonant other than s, the second of roots ending in a or e the third in i, the fourth in u, the fifth declension is for nouns ending in a long vowel or diphthong and monosyllabic words ending in a vowel, and the sixth for roots ending in s.


First Declension

yad - farmer, sarn - village

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Absolutive yad yadi sar sarni
Lative yadi yadithi sarni sarnithi
Locative yada yadī sarna sarnī
Ablative yadum yadin sarnum sarnin
Partitive yadnu yadinu sarnanu sarninu
Ergative yadas yadī sarnas sarnī


Second Declension

hathra - woman; nawe - language

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Absolutive hathra hathri nawe nawi
Lative hathrathi hathrithi nawethi nawithi
Locative hathrā hathrī nawē nawī
Ablative hathram hathrin nawem nawin
Partitive hathranu hathrinu nawenu nawinu
Ergative hathras hathrī nawes nawī


Third Declension

ari - man

Singular Plural
Absolutive ari arī
Lative arithi arīthi
Locative arī ariyā
Ablative arim ariyam
Partitive arinu arīnu
Ergative arī ariyas


Fourth Declension

nasu - son, child

Singular Plural
Absolutive nasu nasī
Lative nasuthi nasīthi
Locative nasū nasū
Ablative nasum nasuyam
Partitive nasunu nasīnu
Ergative nasus nasuyas

Fifth Declension

kansau - port; ge - rice

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Absolutive kansau kansauya ge geya
Lative kansauthi kansauyathi gethi geyathi
Locative kansau kansauyā ge geyā
Ablative kansum kansauyam geyam geyam
Partitive kansaunu kansauyanu genu geyanu
Ergative kansus kansauyas geyas geyas

Sixth Declension

mas - house

Singular Plural
Absolutive mas mahi
Lative masi mahithi
Locative masa mahī
Ablative masum mahin
Partitive masnu mahinu
Ergative mas mahī


Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Tanemantin has the usual run of first, second, and third person pronouns in singular and plural. It also has an obviate "fourth person" pronoun, which is not declined for number. Unlike nouns, Tanemantin pronouns have a distinct genitive case in addition to the normal six cases, and for the first and second person pronouns the ergative, not the absolutive, is the base form of the pronoun.

First Person:

Singular Plural
Absolutive nan nagan
Lative nethī negī
Locative nā nagā
Ablative nam nagum
Partitive nānu naganu
Ergative nā naga
Genitive nar nagā

Second Person:

Singular Plural
Absolutive lī ligan
Lative lithī ligī
Locative lī ligā
Ablative liyum ligum
Partitive līnu liganu
Ergative li liga
Genitive lir ligā

Third Person:

Singular Plural
Absolutive un ini
Lative unī inithī
Locative una inī
Ablative unum inim
Partitive uneu iniu
Ergative us inī
Genitive una inī


Fourth Person (Obviate):

Singular Plural
Absolutive thi
Lative thī
Locative thī
Ablative thiyum
Partitive thinu
Ergative thī
Genitive thī
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