Sarim: Difference between revisions

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-Plosives <nowiki>/p b t d ⁿd ɟ k g/ <p b t d nd j k g </nowiki>
-Plosives <nowiki>/p t d c k / <p t d ch c cu> </nowiki>


-Nasals <nowiki>/m n ŋʷ/ <m n ŋ ŋu> </nowiki>


-Nasals <nowiki>/m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ></nowiki>
-Fricatives <nowiki> /β θ s sʷ xʷ h/ <v th s su hu h> </nowiki>


 
-Rhotic/Approximants: <nowiki> /r l j w/ <r l i u> </nowiki>
-Fricatives <nowiki> /ɸ v s ɕ h/ <ph v s x h></nowiki>
 
 
-Rhotic/Approximants: <nowiki> /r l j/ <r l y> </nowiki>




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'''Vowels'''
'''Vowels'''
 
<nowiki>
- Short <nowiki>/i a u ai au iu ia ui ua/ <i a u ai au iu ui ia ua</nowiki>
/i e a o i: e: a: o:/ <i e a o ī ē ā ō> </nowiki>
 
 
- Long <nowiki> /iː aː uː aːi aːu iːu iːa uːi uːa/ <ī ā ū āu āi īu īa ūi ūa> /nowiki>
 
 
All diphthongs are falling.
   
   


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The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C), with the follwing caveats:
The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C), with the caveat that only /m n ŋ t th s h r l i u/ may occur word-finally.


'''Morphophonological processes'''


- /ɟ/ does not occur in codas
A number of word-internal clusters do not occur, having been lost in earlier sound changes. Note that the processes described here apply to roots aswell:
 
- In clusters where it is the initial element, /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant.
- Clusters of two plosives except for /kt gd/ do not occur.
 
- Clusters involving two stops, or a stop and a fricative, must agree in voicing. Clusters such as */sd gɕ/ do not therefore occur.
- Word-finally, only /m t d ⁿd s r l ŋ/ occur.  


- |n| assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant: */nm/ > /mm/
- |k| becomes /ŋ/ before /ŋ ŋʷ/. Similarly, |p| becomes /m/ before another /m/.
- |t d| are lost before a second stop, with the lengthening of the previous vowel, except before nasals, where it acts like |n| : */tk/ > /:k/, */tŋ/ > /ŋŋ/
- |h| is lost following a second consonant: */mh/ > /mm/
- Clusters of one of /p t k kʷ/ + /s/ become /s/ + /p t k kʷ/: */ks/ > /sk/.
- Consonants following word-final labio-velars are lost: */kʷr/ > /kʷ/.
- Only /m n ŋ ŋʷ r l s/ can be geminated. With other consonants, no gemination occurs, e.g */dd/ > /d/.


'''Allophony'''
'''Allophony'''


   
   
 
-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel but [ɻ] before a consonant or word-finally.
 
-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant.
   
   


-/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers.
-/c/ is realised as either palatal affricates  [] or[ʨ], or even the postalveolar affricate [ʧ especially among younger speakers.




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-Short vowels and diphthongs /i a u ai au/ tend to become lax [ɪ ɐ ʊ ɐɪ ɐʊ], espcially in unstressed syllables
-/o/ is realised as [ʊ]or [u] word finally ,and /o:/ is often realised [u:], especially amongst younger speakers.
 
-/a a:/ are realised ɐ:] in unstressed syllables.





Revision as of 15:22, 2 March 2009

Sarim (Sarim: Sarim bār) is a language spoken by most of the population of Sarimis, as well as several its satellite nations. It is a largely isolating, accusative, head-final language of the Kambaic language family.


Phonology

Consonants


-Plosives /p t d c k kʷ/ <p t d ch c cu>

-Nasals /m n ŋʷ/ <m n ŋ ŋu>

-Fricatives /β θ s sʷ xʷ h/ <v th s su hu h>

-Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j w/ <r l i u>



Vowels /i e a o i: e: a: o:/ <i e a o ī ē ā ō>


Syllable Structure


The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C), with the caveat that only /m n ŋ t th s h r l i u/ may occur word-finally.

Morphophonological processes

A number of word-internal clusters do not occur, having been lost in earlier sound changes. Note that the processes described here apply to roots aswell:

- |n| assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant: */nm/ > /mm/ - |k| becomes /ŋ/ before /ŋ ŋʷ/. Similarly, |p| becomes /m/ before another /m/. - |t d| are lost before a second stop, with the lengthening of the previous vowel, except before nasals, where it acts like |n| : */tk/ > /:k/, */tŋ/ > /ŋŋ/ - |h| is lost following a second consonant: */mh/ > /mm/ - Clusters of one of /p t k kʷ/ + /s/ become /s/ + /p t k kʷ/: */ks/ > /sk/. - Consonants following word-final labio-velars are lost: */kʷr/ > /kʷ/. - Only /m n ŋ ŋʷ r l s/ can be geminated. With other consonants, no gemination occurs, e.g */dd/ > /d/.

Allophony


-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel but [ɻ] before a consonant or word-finally.


-/c/ is realised as either palatal affricates [cç] or[ʨ], or even the postalveolar affricate [ʧ especially among younger speakers.


-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].


-/o/ is realised as [ʊ]or [u] word finally ,and /o:/ is often realised [u:], especially amongst younger speakers.

-/a a:/ are realised [ɐ ɐ:] in unstressed syllables.


Stress


Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the penultimate syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.


Nominal Morphology

Being largely isolating, Sarim has very little grammatical nominal morphology (it does, however, have quite a productive derivational morphology).

Plural


The plural morpheme, which is not compulsory, is . If the noun stem ends in a short vowel, this is lost, then suffixed. Dipthongs and long vowels add -yū:


Dun man, dunū 'men'

Kanda land, country, kandū lands, countries

Talgū tree talgūyū trees