Velyan

Vielan is one of the two main classical languages of the continent Pellargos, on the planet Máa. Máa is an alternate Earth planet.

Phonology

Vowels

There are 12 vowels, each of which can be short or long.

Vowels
	Front		Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
High	i	y								u
Near-high
High-mid			e	ø						o
Mid
Low-mid
Near-low			æ
Low					a

Consonants

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m				n							ŋ
Plosive	p					t							k		q
Fricative						s	ʃ					(x)	h		χ
Approximant	ʋ											j
Trill								rː
Flap								ɾ
Lateral Approximant								l

Vowel harmony

Vielan phonotactics restrict the vowels that can appear in any one word to a subset of the entire inventory. Vowels are divided into three groups: front vowels (ä, ö, ü), back vowels (a, o, u) and neutral vowels (e, i). All vowels in a word must be either front vowels, or back vowels, but not both (though neutral vowels can appear in words with either front or back vowels.)

Initial Consonant Mutation

In Vielan, consonants at the beginning of words undergo a process of initial consonant mutation', whereby an initial p, t, or k is mutated to its equivalent nasal consonant (respectively m, n or ŋ under certain conditions. Conversely, under the same conditions the consonants m, n or ŋ mutate to the consonants p, t or k. The conditions under which this happens are explained more fully in the section on Syntax.

Consonant Gradation

The phenomenon of consonant gradation arises due to a restriction in Vielan words, that prohibits a "strong" syllable from ending in a consonant. A strong syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant and is preceded by another ending in (at least) one consonant. When this happens, the consonant or cluster at the beginning of the final syllable undergoes lenition or softening (although it can be historically explained as a process of fortition or hardening).

The following changes occur as a result of consonant gradation:

1. Geminate phonemes change to simplex ones, e.g. tt -> t, rr -> r, ss -> s.

The remaining changes only affect plosives and clusters containing plosives: Clusters change as follows:

1. Nasals:
   1. Nasal + voiceless plosive changes to geminate nasal, e.g. mp -> mm, nt -> nn
2. Liquids:
   1. lt -> ll
   2. lp -> lv
   3. lkU -> lvU
   4. rkU -> rvU
   5. lkI -> lji
   6. rkI -> rji
3. Consonant clusters beginning with s:
   1. sp -> sv
   2. st -> *sr -> rs
   3. sk -> ss
4. Consonant clusters ending with s:
   1. ps -> *vs -> sv
   2. ts -> rs
   3. ks -> s
5. Simplex consonants
   1. t -> r
   2. p -> v
   3. k -> Ø
   4. iki -> iji
   5. -UkU -> UvU
   6. v -> w

Transcription

Below is a table of the IPA sounds of Vielan, with transcription.

IPA	Letter
a	a
æ	ä
e	e
h	h
i	i
j	j
k	k
l	l
m	m
n	n
ŋ	ŋ
o	o
ö	ö
p	p
q	q
ɾː	r
r	rr
s	s
ʃ	š
t	t
u	u
y	y
ʋ	v

Notes:

1. Long vowels and geminate consonants are written double, e.g. aa, kk. Note that /ɾː/ is the geminate counterpart of /r/.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Vielan are divided into noun classes and inflect for quality, dimension, age, tense/aspect, number, case, possessor, destination and deixis. Suffixes (there are no prefixes or infixes in Vielan) are added to the noun, or (more often) to the oblique stem.

Noun Classes

There are several noun classes in Vielan, reflecting the division of nouns into several semantic categories. The noun classes are added to a notional form of the noun known as the base. In some cases, the base of a noun ends in one of the letters l, n, r, s, or t, and the noun is in Class IX, which has no suffix; in these cases the base form does surface.

The class suffixes are as follows:

Class		Meaning		Suffix
I		Divine Female		-tAri
II		Divine Male		-tAr
III		Female Human		-O
IV		Masculine Human		-A
VI		Female Professional		-jA
V		Male Professional		-ri
VII		Animate (Non-Human)		-e
VIII		Inanimate I		∅
IX		Inanimate II		-i
X		Abstract		-U
XI		Small Place		-lA
XII		Large Place		-mA
XIII		Instrument		-in

Number

The singular is unmarked, as in English: kótti cat. The plural is formed in three ways:

• When not followed by another suffix, it is marked by the addition of -t to the oblique stem: kóttit cats;
• When followed by another suffix beginning with a consonant, it is marked by the addition of -i- to the oblique stem:
• When followed by another suffix beginning with a vowel, it is marked by the addition of -j- to the oblique stem:

Deixis

In English, the demonstratives "this", "these", "that" and "those" are used to point out objects located in space or time. In Vielan, the demonstratives occur as prefixes on the noun, and, in addition, there is a three-way distinction as opposed to the two-way distinction of English (similar to Spanish esto, eso, aquel or the archaic "this, there, yon".

The suffixes are as follows:

Demonstrative Suffixes
		Near	Medial	Far
		-ŋi	-ði	-mi

These forms are clearly related to the possessive suffixes (below).

Possession

Nouns take suffixes to show possession. For the 1st and second persons, the suffixes are:

Possessive Suffixes
		Singular	Dual	Plural
Female 1st Person (Inclusive)			-ntA	-ntAi
Female 1st Person (Exclusive)		-nA	-mA	-mmA
Male 1st Person (Inclusive)			-ntO	-ntOi
Male 1st Person (Exclusive)		-no	-mO	-mmO
Female 2nd Person (Familiar)		-sA	-tÁ	-ttA
Male 2nd Person (Familiar)		-sO	-tO	-ttO
Female 2nd Person (Polite)		-vA	-pA	-ppA
Male 2nd Person (Polite)		-vO	-pO	-ppO

Adjectives

Adjectives can be divided into two types: attributive and predicative.