Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions
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(→Mid to late PWA': /X\/ as emphatic laryngeal) |
(→Mid to late PWA': regularize) |
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| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
ca. -1.5ka | ca. -1.5ka | ||
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops) | */t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops) | ||
* | *Voicing processes | ||
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/; under voicing /ɫ/ | |||
*Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?) | *Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?) | ||
*/d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?) | */d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?) | ||
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too) | *Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too) | ||
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal. | |||
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized. | |||
<!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), | <!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), mistä hitosta d- tulee??--> | ||
{| | {| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
! colspan="2" | Labial | ! colspan="2"| Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental | ! rowspan="2"| Lamino-<br/>dental | ||
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar | ! colspan="2"| Apico-<br/>postalveolar | ||
! colspan="2" | Velar | ! colspan="2"| Velar | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2"| Laryngeal | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Plain</small> | !<small>Plain</small> | ||
| Line 50: | Line 53: | ||
!<small>Plain</small> | !<small>Plain</small> | ||
!<small>Emphatic</small> | !<small>Emphatic</small> | ||
|- | |- align="center" | ||
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Stops | |||
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small> | |||
| p | |||
| pˤ | |||
| t̻ | |||
| | | ṯ | ||
| | | ṯˤ | ||
| | | k | ||
| | | kʷ | ||
| | | (ʔ ~ ∅) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- align="center" | |||
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small> | |||
| b | |||
| bˤ | |||
| d̻ | |||
| ḏ | |||
| ḏˤ | |||
| ɡ | |||
| ɡʷ | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Fricatives | |||
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | s̻ | ||
| s̱ | |||
| | | ʂˣ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| xʷ | |||
| h | |||
| ħ | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | z̻ | ||
| ẕ | |||
| ʐˠ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| align="center" | ŋ | | (ɣʷ) | ||
|- | |- align="center" | ||
! Laterals | ! align="left" colspan="2"| Nasals | ||
| m | |||
| mˤ | |||
| n̻ | |||
| ṉ | |||
| ṉˤ | |||
| ŋ | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! align="left" colspan="2"| Laterals | |||
| || | | || | ||
| align="center" | | l̻ | ||
| ḻ | |||
| ɫ | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! align="left" colspan="2"| Semivowels | |||
| || || || | | || || || | ||
| ɻˠ | |||
| align="left" | j | | align="left" | j | ||
| w | |||
|} | |} | ||
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.) | (Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.) | ||
Revision as of 02:59, 15 August 2008
Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'
- /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
- Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
- Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
- /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
- /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
Erly to mid PWA'
ca. -3ka
Middle PWA' had three main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken across a wide area south of this, further broken down to West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
- /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
- Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
- POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect:
- 1) /kʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ → /p m pˤ/ (South), /pˠ m kʴ/ (North)
- 2) /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ θ ??/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) (/m/ is not pushed due to distributional differences)
- Associated approximant drift
- /l/ → /n̻/
- /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
- /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
- /ts/ → /θ/ (only in West)
- /q/ → /ʔ/ (South), /kʴ/ (North)
- /θ/ → /s̻/ (→ /sʲ/ in North and Sadabax)
Mid to late PWA'
ca. -1.5ka
- /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
- Voicing processes
- /θˤ/ → /ħ/; under voicing /ɫ/
- Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
- /d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
- Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
- Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
- The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized.
| Labial | Lamino- dental |
Apico- postalveolar |
Velar | Laryngeal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Labial | Plain | Emphatic | |||
| Stops | Voiceless | p | pˤ | t̻ | ṯ | ṯˤ | k | kʷ | (ʔ ~ ∅) | |
| Voiced | b | bˤ | d̻ | ḏ | ḏˤ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | s̻ | s̱ | ʂˣ | xʷ | h | ħ | |||
| Voiced | z̻ | ẕ | ʐˠ | (ɣʷ) | ||||||
| Nasals | m | mˤ | n̻ | ṉ | ṉˤ | ŋ | ||||
| Laterals | l̻ | ḻ | ɫ | |||||||
| Semivowels | ɻˠ | j | w | |||||||
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
