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Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions

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m (→‎Onsets: An afternoon in the bookshop with Martin's reference grammar of Korean...)
Line 18: Line 18:
! rowspan=2 | Wu <br /> Suzhou
! rowspan=2 | Wu <br /> Suzhou
! colspan=2 | Japanese
! colspan=2 | Japanese
! rowspan=2 | Korean
! colspan=2 | Korean
|- class="c"
|- class="c"
! <small>Karlgren</small><ref name="karlgren">[[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.</ref>
! <small>Karlgren</small><ref name="karlgren">[[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|Bernhard Karlgren]], also known as 高本漢.</ref>
! <small>Baxter</small><ref name="baxter">[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/ William Baxter].</ref>
! <small>Baxter</small><ref name="baxter">[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/ William Baxter].</ref>
! IPA<ref name="panwuyun">Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).</ref>
! IPA<ref name="panwuyun">Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).</ref>
! Go-On
! Go-On
! Kan-On
! Kan-On
! Middle*<ref name="donggukjeongun">The hanja and prescriptive han'gŭl are spellings from the ''Dongguk Jeongun'' (東國正韻 [[Wikipedia:kr:동국정운|동국정운]]).</ref>
! Modern
|-
|-
! 幫
! 幫
Line 44: Line 46:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 彆 ㅂ [p]
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
Line 60: Line 63:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 漂 ㅍ [pʰ]
| ㅍ [pʰ] <br />
| ㅍ [pʰ] <br />
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
Line 78: Line 82:
| b [b]
| b [b]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 步 ㅃ [p']
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
Line 93: Line 98:
| m [m]
| m [m]
| b [b]
| b [b]
| 彌 ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
|-
|-
Line 106: Line 112:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 彆 ㅂ [p]
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
Line 122: Line 129:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 漂 ㅍ [pʰ]
| ㅍ [pʰ] <br />
| ㅍ [pʰ] <br />
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
Line 136: Line 144:
| b [b]
| b [b]
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 步 ㅃ [p']
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
Line 153: Line 162:
| m [m]
| m [m]
| b [b]
| b [b]
| 彌 ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
|-
|-
Line 169: Line 179:
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 斗 ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
|-
|-
Line 182: Line 193:
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 呑 ㅌ [tʰ]
| ㅌ [tʰ]
| ㅌ [tʰ]
|-
|-
Line 205: Line 217:
| d [d]
| d [d]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 覃 ㄸ [t']
| ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
|-
|-
Line 218: Line 231:
| n [n]
| n [n]
| d [d]
| d [d]
| 那 ㄴ [n]
| ㄴ [n]
| ㄴ [n]
|-
|-
Line 233: Line 247:
| r [ɺ]
| r [ɺ]
| r [ɺ]
| r [ɺ]
| 閭 ㄹ [ɾ]
| ㄹ [ɾ]
| ㄹ [ɾ]
|-
|-
Line 250: Line 265:
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 斗 ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
|-
|-
Line 265: Line 281:
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 呑 ㅌ [tʰ]
| ㅌ [tʰ]
| ㅌ [tʰ]
|-
|-
Line 286: Line 303:
| d [d]
| d [d]
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 覃 ㄸ [t']
| ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
|-
|-
Line 302: Line 320:
| n [n]
| n [n]
| d [d]
| d [d]
| 那 ㄴ [n]
| ㄴ [n]
| ㄴ [n]
|-
|-
Line 317: Line 336:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 即 ㅈ [ts]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
|-
Line 332: Line 352:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
|-
Line 352: Line 373:
| z [z]
| z [z]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 慈 ㅉ [ts']
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 371: Line 393:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 戍 ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
Line 392: Line 415:
| z [z]
| z [z]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 邪 ㅆ [s']
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
Line 407: Line 431:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 即 ㅈ [ts]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
|-
Line 425: Line 450:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
|-
Line 445: Line 471:
| z [z]
| z [z]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 慈 ㅉ [ts']
|
|
|-
|-
Line 462: Line 489:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 戍 ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
Line 475: Line 503:
| z [z]
| z [z]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 邪 ㅆ [s']
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
Line 492: Line 521:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 即 ㅈ [ts]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
|-
Line 507: Line 537:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
|-
Line 523: Line 554:
| z [z]
| z [z]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 慈 ㅉ [ts']
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 540: Line 572:
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 戍 ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
Line 559: Line 592:
| z [z]
| z [z]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 邪 ㅆ [s']
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
Line 576: Line 610:
| n [n]
| n [n]
| z [z]
| z [z]
|
| 穰 ㅿ [z]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
|-
! 見
! 見
Line 599: Line 634:
| k [k]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 君 ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
|-
|-
Line 618: Line 654:
| k [k]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| ㄱ [k]
| 快 ㅋ [kʰ]
| ㄱ [k]<br />
ㅋ [kʰ] /_[wɛ]
|-
|-
! 群
! 群
Line 638: Line 676:
| g [ɡ]
| g [ɡ]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 虯 ㄲ [k']
| ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
|-
|-
Line 659: Line 698:
| g [ɡ]
| g [ɡ]
| g [ɡ]
| g [ɡ]
| 業 ㆁ [ŋ]
| ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
|-
Line 680: Line 720:
| ∅, y [j] or w [w] <br />
| ∅, y [j] or w [w] <br />
depending on rime <br />
depending on rime <br />
| 挹 ㆆ [ʔ]
| ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
|-
Line 696: Line 737:
| k [k]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 虛 ㅎ [h]
| ㅎ [h]
| ㅎ [h]
|-
|-
Line 717: Line 759:
w [w]
w [w]
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 洪 ㆅ [h']
| ㅎ [h]
| ㅎ [h]
|-
|-
Line 735: Line 778:
| y [j] or w [(w)] <br />
| y [j] or w [(w)] <br />
depending on rime <br />
depending on rime <br />
| 欲 ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
|-
Line 754: Line 798:
| y [j] or w [(w)] <br />
| y [j] or w [(w)] <br />
depending on rime <br />
depending on rime <br />
| 欲 ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
|}
|}
Line 791: Line 836:


Note for '''Japanese''':
Note for '''Japanese''':
* The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
* The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
** t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
** t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
** t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
Line 797: Line 842:
* /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.
* /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.


Note for '''Korean''':
Note for '''Middle Korean''': the prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:
* The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
* The "muddy" (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
* The ''kh-'' (溪) onset tended to be pronounced (and spelt) without aspiration;
* The ''l-'' (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
* The ''ny-'' (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
* The ''ng-'' (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.
 
Note for '''Modern Korean''':
* The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
** ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
** ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_  
** ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_ (reversed due to spelling pronunciation in North Korean)
** ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
** ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
** ㅂ ㄷ ㅈ ㄱ ㅅ [p t tɕ k s] > ㅃ ㄸ ㅉ ㄲ ㅆ [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)


== Rimes ==
== Rimes ==

Revision as of 03:06, 28 July 2008

Onsets

  • 1 = Ping tone
  • 2 = Shang tone
  • 3 = Qu tone
  • 4 = Ru tone

The chart will use "1" on top of Baxter's notation to show that a certain condition applies only to the Ping tone (e.g. "zi1" means "zi but not ziX and ziH").

Onset Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren[1] Baxter[2] IPA[3] Go-On Kan-On Middle*[4] Modern
幫 p p [p] b [p]

but p [pʰ]
(迫畔叛佩僕
譜圃瀑蹼)
and m [m] (秘泌)

b [p]

but p [pʰ]
(編遍佩譜圃豹鄙謗)
and m [m] (剝)

p p h [h] h [h] 彆 ㅂ [p] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

滂 p' ph [pʰ] p [pʰ]

but b [p] (玻繽怖)

p [pʰ]

but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡)

pʰ pʰ h [h] h [h] 漂 ㅍ [pʰ] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

並 b' b [b] p [pʰ] /_1

b [p] /_234

p [pʰ] /_1,

COL2
(棒婢被蚌抱倍蓓)
b [p] /_34,LIT2

pʰ b b [b] h [h] 步 ㅃ [p'] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

明 m m [m] m [m]

but w [w] (戊)

m [m] m m m [m] b [b] 彌 ㅁ [m] ㅁ [m]
非* p p [f] f [f] f [f] f f h [h] h [h] 彆 ㅂ [p] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

敷* p' ph [fʰ] f [f]

but p [pʰ] (捧)

f [f]

but p [pʰ] (捧)

f f h [h] h [h] 漂 ㅍ [pʰ] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

奉* b' b [v] f [f] f [f] f or pʰ v b [b] h [h] 步 ㅃ [p'] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

微* m m [ɱ] w [w]

but m [m] (曼)

m [m] v

but some m

LIT: v

COL: m

m [m] b [b] 彌 ㅁ [m] ㅁ [m]
端 t t [t] d [t]

but n [n] (鳥)

d [t]

but t [tʰ] (禱)
and n [n] (鳥)

t t t [t] t [t] 斗 ㄷ [t] ㄷ [t]
透 t' th [tʰ] t [tʰ] t [tʰ] tʰ tʰ t [t] t [t] 呑 ㅌ [tʰ] ㅌ [tʰ]
定 d' d [d] t [tʰ] /_1

but d [t] (鼕)
d [t] /_234
but t [tʰ]
(挺艇鋌特突
沓蹋袒慟)

t [tʰ] /_1,

COL2
(盾挺艇鋌怠殆肚斷)
but d [t] (鼕)
d [t] /_34,LIT2
but t [tʰ] (袒)

tʰ d d [d] t [t] 覃 ㄸ [t'] ㄷ [t]
泥 n n [n] n [n] n [n] n n n [n] d [d] 那 ㄴ [n] ㄴ [n]
來 l l [l] l [l]

but n [n] (弄)

l [l]

but d [t] (隸)

l l r [ɺ] r [ɺ] 閭 ㄹ [ɾ] ㄹ [ɾ]
知 t̂ tr [ʈ] zh [tʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (輟)
and d [t] (爹)

z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (貯)
and d [t] (涿啄琢爹)

ts ts t [t] t [t] 斗 ㄷ [t] ㄷ [t]
徹 t̂' trh [ʈʰ] ch [tʂʰ]

but zh [tʂ] (祉)

c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (祉)

tsʰ tsʰ t [t] t [t] 呑 ㅌ [tʰ] ㅌ [tʰ]
澄 d̂' dr [ɖʰ] ch [tʂʰ] /_1

zh [tʂ] /_234
but z [ts] (擇澤)
and ch [tʂʰ] (澈)
and d [t] (瞪)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (峙重柱)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but c [tsʰ] (澈)
and d [t] (秩)

tsʰ z d [d] t [t] 覃 ㄸ [t'] ㄷ [t]
娘 n nr [ɳ] n [n]

but w [w] (諉)

n [n]

but w [w] (諉)
and j [j] (釀)

n ȵ n [n] d [d] 那 ㄴ [n] ㄴ [n]
精 ts ts [ts] z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (雀挫)

z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (挫)

ts ts s [s] s [s] 即 ㅈ [ts] ㅈ [tɕ]
清 ts' tsh [tsʰ] c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (緝竣)

c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (竣)

tsʰ tsʰ s [s] s [s] 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從 dz' dz [dz] c [tsʰ] /_1

but d [t] (蹲)
z [ts] /_234
but c [tsʰ] (攢萃悴瘁)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (坐)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but c [tsʰ] (攢)
and s [s] (萃悴瘁)

tsʰ z z [z] s [s] 慈 ㅉ [ts']
心 s s [s] s [s]

but sh [ʂ] (珊姍)
and c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹)
and z [ts] (燥噪)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ]
(棲賽塞速賜肖鞘
燥噪)

s s s [s] s [s] 戍 ㅅ [s] ㅅ [s]
邪 z z [z] s [s]

but ∅ (嶼)
and c [tsʰ] in
MC zi1 (詞祠辭)
and MC zjuw1 (囚)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (似)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but s [s]
(旋羨遂隧殉緒)

s z z [z] s [s] 邪 ㅆ [s'] ㅅ [s]
照莊 tṣ tsr [tʂ] zh [tʂ]

but z [ts]
(阻俎詛鄒責)

z [ts] ts ts s [s] s [s] 即 ㅈ [ts] ㅈ [tɕ]
穿初 tṣ' tsrh [tʂʰ] ch [tʂʰ]

but c [tsʰ]
(策冊測惻廁篡)
and zh [tʂ] (錚)

c [tsʰ]

but z [ts] (錚)
and s [s] (篡)

tsʰ tsʰ s [s] s [s] 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
床崇 dẓ' dzr [dʐʰ] ch [tʂʰ] /_1

but c [ts] (岑)
zh [tʂ] /_234
but sh [ʂ] (士事柿)

c [tsʰ] /_1,

COL2 (柿)
but s [s] (潺愁崇)
z [ts] /_34,LIT2
but s [s] (士事)

tsʰ z z [z] s [s] 慈 ㅉ [ts']
審生 ṣ sr [ʂ] sh [ʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (產)
and s [s]
(灑澀縮瑟色嗇森)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉)

s s s [s] s [s] 戍 ㅅ [s] ㅅ [s]
禪俟 ź zr [ʐ] s [s] z [ts] s z z [z] s [s] 邪 ㅆ [s'] ㅅ [s]
照章 tś tsy [tɕ] zh [tʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (捶)
and d [t] (盹)

z [ts]

but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹)
and d [t] (盹)

ts ts s [s] s [s] 即 ㅈ [ts] ㅈ [tɕ]
穿昌 tś' tsyh [tɕʰ] ch [tʂʰ]

but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋)

c [tsʰ]

but s [s] (樞瀋)

tsʰ tsʰ s [s] s [s] 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
床船 dź' zy [ʑ] sh [ʂ] /_234

_1:
ch [tʂʰ] (船乘唇)
sh [ʂ] (神繩蛇)

s [s] s z z [z] s [s] 慈 ㅉ [ts']
審書 ś sy [ɕ] sh [ʂ]

but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ]
(始弛矢設束翅奢)
and z [ts] (舂)

s s s [s] s [s] 戍 ㅅ [s] ㅅ [s]
禪常 ź dzy [dʑ] sh [ʂ] /_234

but r [ɻ] (瑞)
_1:
ch [tʂʰ] (most)
sh [ʂ]
(時匙誰韶殊裳)

s [s]

but c [tsʰ] (恃)

s z z [z] s [s] 邪 ㅆ [s'] ㅅ [s]
日 ńź ny [ȵ] r [ɻ]

er [aɚ]:
MC nye (兒爾邇)
MC nyij (二貳)
MC nyi (而耳餌)

j [j] ŋ or j z n [n] z [z] 穰 ㅿ [z] ㅇ [∅]
見 k k [k] g [k]

but kw [kʰ]
(扛礦昆柯膾愧榷)
and h [x] (梟懈偕)

g [k]

but k [kʰ]
(概溉丐給汲級冀規
會膾劊愧拘駒溝箍
羯竭訣決抉蹶厥礦
襟昆)
and h [h] (梟懈)
and ∅ (柯)

k k k [k] k [k] 君 ㄱ [k] ㄱ [k]
溪 k' kh [kʰ] k [kʰ]

but h [x]
(隙恢詼墟溪)

Random? :

h [h]
or k [kʰ]
but p [pʰ] (棵)
and g [k] (隙)

kʰ kʰ k [k] k [k] 快 ㅋ [kʰ] ㄱ [k]

ㅋ [kʰ] /_[wɛ]

群 g' g [g] k [kʰ] /_1

but g [k] (畿鯨)
g [k] /_234
but k [kʰ] (匱饋)

k [kʰ] /_1,

COL2 (近臼舅菌)
but g [k] (畿)
g [k] /_34,LIT2
but k [kʰ] (匱及)

kʰ g g [ɡ] k [k] 虯 ㄲ [k'] ㄱ [k]
疑 ng ng [ŋ] ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but n [n]
(擬孽逆虐凝牛倪霓)
and g [k] (疙圪岌)
and r [ɻ] (阮)

ng [ŋ]

∅ /_[i,j,w]
ng [ŋ̩]: MC ngu
but k [kʰ] (岌)

ŋ ŋ g [ɡ] g [ɡ] 業 ㆁ [ŋ] ㅇ [∅]
影 ' ' [ʔ] ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (娟)
and h [x] (穢)

∅, j [j] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (娟)
and n [n] (凹)

∅ ∅ ∅, y [j] or w [w]

depending on rime

∅, y [j] or w [w]

depending on rime

挹 ㆆ [ʔ] ㅇ [∅]
曉 x x [h] h [x]

but k [kʰ] (況)

h [h]

but k [kʰ] (吸賄)
and g [k] (轟)

h h k [k] k [k] 虛 ㅎ [h] ㅎ [h]
匣 ɣ h [ɦ] h [x]

but g [k] (迥)
and k [kʰ] (潰洽)
and ∅ (完皖莞肴螢熒)

h [h]

but g [k] (迥)
and k [kʰ] (潰繪)
and ng [ŋ] (肴)
and j [j] (螢熒)

h ɦ g [ɡ]

w [w]

k [k] 洪 ㆅ [h'] ㅎ [h]
喻云 j hj [ɦj] y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but h [x] (彙彗雄熊)

j [j] or w [w]

depending on rime
but h [h] (雄熊)

[j] or [v]? [j] or [v]? y [j] or w [(w)]

depending on rime

欲 ㅇ [∅] ㅇ [∅]
喻以 ∅ y [j] y [j,ɥ] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (捐)
and k [kʰ] (鉛)

j [j] or w [w]

depending on rime
but g [k] (捐)

[j] or [v]? [j] or [v]? y [j] or w [(w)]

depending on rime

欲 ㅇ [∅] ㅇ [∅]

* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split are

  1. All third-deng (等) and hekou (合口) rimes, or
  2. The third-deng (等) and kaikou (開口) rimes of 東, 鍾, 尤

Notes on omitted recent changes, ongoing changes, and allophony

Note for Mandarin — Beijing:

  • The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
    • g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Yue — Canton (Cantonese):

  • The following (not so) recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • g k [k kʰ] > gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt] (but not ung uk [ʊŋ ʊk])
    • gw kw [kw kʰw] > gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ]
    • For h [h] in the same environment, if h [h] comes from MC 溪 or 曉, then:
      • h [h] > f [f] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
      • hw [hw] > f [f]
    • But if h [h] comes from MC 匣, then:
      • h [h] > w [w] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
      • hw [hw] > w [w]
    • As can be seen, at least some stage of above change dates from before the merger of [h] and [ɦ] into modern Cantonese [h].
  • Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
  • /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
  • The following changes are ongoing:
    • n [n] > l [l] (onset)
    • ng [ŋ], ∅ > [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
    • gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] > g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
    • ng k [ŋ k] > n t [n t] (coda)
    • ng [ŋ̩] > m [m̩] (syllabic)

Note for Wu — Suzhou:

  • The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • [k kʰ g h ɦ n] > [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɕ dʑ ȵ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Japanese:

  • The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
    • t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
    • w [w] > 0 /_[i,e,o]
  • /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Note for Middle Korean: the prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:

  • The "muddy" (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
  • The kh- (溪) onset tended to be pronounced (and spelt) without aspiration;
  • The l- (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
  • The ny- (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
  • The ng- (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.

Note for Modern Korean:

  • The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
    • ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
    • ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_ (reversed due to spelling pronunciation in North Korean)
    • ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
    • ㅂ ㄷ ㅈ ㄱ ㅅ [p t tɕ k s] > ㅃ ㄸ ㅉ ㄲ ㅆ [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)

Rimes

  • P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
  • T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
  • TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
  • S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
  • SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
  • SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
  • TSR = TR,SR
  • TSRY = TR,SR,SY
  • K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
東一開 ung uwng ong [ʊŋ]

weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)

u [u]

some uu [uː]

ou [oː]
冬一開 uong owng ong [ʊŋ]

(does not occur /P_)

ung [ʊŋ] o [o]

some ou [oː]

ou [oː]
東三開 i̯ung juwng ong [ʊŋ]

iong [yʊŋ] /g_
rong [ɻʊŋ] /y_1 (融)
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

jung [jʊŋ] /y_

yuu [juː], yu [ju]

(incl. y_ )
u [u], uu [uː]/K,l,P_

yuu [juː]

ou [oː]/P_

鍾三開 i̯wong jowng ong [ʊŋ]

iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,y_
rong [ɻʊŋ] /y_1 (容)
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ,y_

yuu [juː], yu [ju]

(incl. ʔ,y_ )
u [u], uu [uː]/K,P_

you [joː]

ou [oː]/P_

東一開 uk uwk u [u] uk [ʊk] oku [oku] oku [oku]
冬一開 uok owk u [u]

but uo [uo] (沃)

uk [ʊk]

but juk [jʊk] (沃)

oku [oku] oku [oku]
東三開 i̯uk juwk u [u]

ü [y] /K_
but:
ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉)
iu [jou] (宿六)
uo [uo] (縮)

uk [ʊk] iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_

uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_
oku [oku] /l_,m_

iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_

yuku [juku] /S_,SY_
uku [uku] /P_
oku [oku] /m_

鍾三開 i̯wok jowk u [u]

ü [y] /K_
but:
ü [y] (續綠)

uk [ʊk]

juk [jʊk] /ŋ_

oku [oku]

yoku [yoku] /y_

yoku [joku]

江攝 Jiang She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
江二開 ång æwng iang [jɑŋ] / K_

but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港)
uang [wɑŋ] /TSR_
ang [ɑŋ] /P_

ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_

oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_

ou [oː] au [oː]
江二開 åk æwk LIT

üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_)
but e [ɤ] (殼)
(u)o [uo] / else
but u [u] (朴)
COL
iao [jau] / K_ (角殼)
ao [au] (剝雹)

ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_

ak [ɐk] /ʔ_
for /TR_:
oek [œːk] (涿啄琢卓桌)
or ok [ɔːk] (擢濯)
or uk [ʊk] (濁鐲)
for /SR_:
ok [ɔːk] (朔欶)
or uk [ʊk] (捉)

oku [oku] /P_

aku [aku]

aku [aku]

止攝 Zhi She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
支三開 ie̯ j(i)e i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_

but i [i] (徙璽)
er [ɑɚ] /ny_
i [i] else
but ei [ei] (碑卑被)

i [i] /S,TSRY_

but aai [aːi] (徙璽)
i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_
but ai [ɐi] (蟻)
ei [ei] /K,l,P_

i [i] i [i]
脂三開 i (j)ij i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_

er [ɑɚ] /ny_
i [i] else
but ei [ei]
(悲美備眉湄媚魅)

i [i] /S,TSRY_

but ei [ei] (死四)
i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_
ei [ei] /K,nr,l,d,P_

i [i] i [i]
之三開 i i i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_

but e [ɤ] (廁)
er [ɑɚ] /ny_
i [i] else

i [i] /S,TSRY_

i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_
ei [ei] /K,nr,l,P_
but eoi [ɵy] (裏)

mostly o [o] /K_

but i [i] /ʔ,hj,y_
i [i] /else

i [i]
微三開 e̯i jɨj i [i]

(none /S,TSRY_)

i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_

ei [ei] /K_
(none /S,TSRY,P_)

e [e] i [i]
支三合 wie̯ jw(i)e uai [uai] /SR_

ei [ei] /l_
ui [uei] /else
(no /P_)

wai [wɐi] /K_

ai [ɐi] /ŋ_
eoi [ɵy] /else
(no /P_)

wi [i] /K_

ui [ui] /else

wi [i] /K_

ui [ui] /else

脂三合 wi (j)wij uai [uai] /SR_

ei [ei] /l_
ui [uei] /else
but i [i] (遺季悸)
(no /P_)

wai [wɐi] /K_

(no /ŋ_)
eoi [ɵy] /else
(no /P_)

wi [i] /K_

yui [jui] /y_
ui [ui] /else

wi [i] /K_ incl. y_

ui [ui] /else

微三合 we̯i jwɨj ui [uei]

ei [ei] /P_
(no SR_, l_)

wai [wɐi] /K_

ai [ɐi] /ŋ_
wei [wei] /m_
ei [ei] /P_
but ai [ɐi] (沸費)

i [i] /P_

wi [i] /ʔ,hj_
we [e] /K_

i [i] /P_

wi [i] /K_

遇攝 Yu She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
魚三開 i̯wo jo u [u] /TSRY_

ü [y] /else
but u [u] (廬蘆)
and uo [uo] (所)

yu [y] /ŋ,ʔ,y_

yu [y] /TR,SY,ny_
but eoi [ɵy] (除)
o [ɔ] /SR_
eoi [ɵy] /K,S,nr,l_

o [o] /K,ʔ,l,S_

yo [jo] /y,TRSY,nr,ny_

o [o] /SR_

yo [jo] /else

虞三合 i̯u ju u [u] /TSRY,P_

ü [y] /else

yu [y] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_

yu [y] /TR,SY,ny_
ou [ou] /m_
u [u] /P_
o [ɔ] /SR_
but ou [ou] (數)
eoi [ɵy] /K,S,l_

u [u] /P,l,S,SY,hj,K,ʔ_

yu [ju] /SR,dzy,ny,y_
yuu [juː] /TR_

u [u] /P,l,SR,hj,K,ʔ_

yu [ju] /S,SY,ny,y_
yuu [juː] /TR_

模一開 uo u u [u]

but (u)o [uo] (措模)
ou [ou] (都)

ou [ou] /P,T,S,l_

ng [ŋ̩] /ŋ_
u [u] /K_

u [u] or o [o] o [o]

wo [o] /ʔ_

蟹攝 Xie She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
齊四開 iei ej i [i] ai [ɐi] e [e] /K_

ai [ai] /else

ei [eː]
祭三開 i̯äi- j(i)ejH i [ʅ] /TSRY_

i [i] /else

jai [jɐi] /y_

ai [ɐi] /else

ei [eː] /y_

ai [ai] /S,TR_
e [e] /else

ei [eː]
泰一開 âi- ajH ei [ei] /P_

ai [ai] /else
but a [ɑ] (大)

ui [uːi] /P_

oi [ɔːi] /n,S,K_
but aai [aːi] (艾)
aai [aːi] /else

ai [ai] ai [ai]
佳二開 ai ɛɨ ia [iɑ] /K_

but ie [iɛ] (蟹解邂懈)
ai [ai] /else
ʔ_: ai [ai] (矮隘)
or wa [uɑ] (娃)

aai [aːi]

but ai [ɐi] (矮)
and wa [wa] (娃)

e [e] ai [ai]
皆二開 ăi ɛj ie [iɛ] /K_

but ai [ai] (駭骸楷)
and a [ɑ] (尬)
ai [ai] /else

aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
夬二開 ai- æjH ie [iɛ] /K_

ai [ai] /else

aai [aːi] e [e] ai [ai]
咍一開 âi oj ei [ei] /P_

ai [ai] /else

ui [uːi] /P_

oi [ɔːi] /else
but aai [aːi] (猜態)

ai [ai] ai [ai]
廢三開 i̯ɒi- jojH (only ŋ-.)

i [i]

(only ŋ-.)

aai [aːi]

e [e] ai [ai]


Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
齊四合 iwei wej
祭三合 i̯wäi- jw(i)ejH
泰一合 wâi- wajH
佳二合 wai wɛɨ
皆二合 wăi wɛj
夬二合 wai- wæjH
灰一合 uâi woj
廢三合 i̯wɒi- jwojH

臻攝 Zhen She

山攝 Shan She

效攝 Xiao She

果攝 Guo She

假攝 Jia She

宕攝 Dang She

梗攝 Geng She

曾攝 Ceng She

流攝 Liu She

深攝 Shen She

咸攝 Xian She

Tones

  • P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
  • M = MC sonorant onset
  • B = MC voiced obstruent onset
Tone Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka
Moiyen 		Wu
Suzhou 		Japanese (?) Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
平
Ping 		P ∅ ∅ 55 55 55 44 44
M 35 21 24 11 24
B
上
Shang 		P : X 214 35 51 31 52
M 23 31
B 51 23 or 22 33 52
去
Qu 		P - H 33 11 412
M 22 33 31
B
入
Ru 		P ∅

(-p,t,k)

∅

(-p,t,k)

Random 55 (short)

33 (long)

32 21 4
M 51 22 5 4 23
B 35

Resources

Middle Chinese

Modern Chinese

Sino-Xenic

Other correspondence lists

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Bernhard Karlgren, also known as 高本漢.
  2. ↑ William Baxter.
  3. ↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).
  4. ↑ The hanja and prescriptive han'gŭl are spellings from the Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 동국정운).
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