Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions
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Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
| ph | | ph | ||
| [pʰ] | | [pʰ] | ||
| p [pʰ] <br /> | | p [pʰ] <br /> | ||
but b [p] ( | but b [p] (玻繽怖) | ||
| p [pʰ] <br /> | |||
but b [p] (玻繽品怖) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 208: | Line 209: | ||
| tr | | tr | ||
| [ʈ] | | [ʈ] | ||
| zh [tʂ] | | zh [tʂ] <br /> | ||
but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) <br /> | |||
and d [t] (爹) | |||
| z [ts] <br /> | | z [ts] <br /> | ||
but d [t] ( | but d [t] (涿啄琢爹) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 236: | Line 239: | ||
zh [tʂ] /_234 <br /> | zh [tʂ] /_234 <br /> | ||
but z [ts] (擇澤) <br /> | but z [ts] (擇澤) <br /> | ||
and ch [tʂʰ] (澈) <br /> | |||
and d [t] (瞪) | and d [t] (瞪) | ||
| c [tsʰ] /_1,'''COL'''2 <br /> | | c [tsʰ] /_1,'''COL'''2 <br /> | ||
z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 | z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] (澈) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 262: | Line 267: | ||
| [ts] | | [ts] | ||
| z [ts] <br /> | | z [ts] <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] ( | but c [tsʰ] (雀挫) | ||
| z [ts] | | z [ts] <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] (挫) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 289: | Line 295: | ||
| [dz] | | [dz] | ||
| c [tsʰ] /_1 <br /> | | c [tsʰ] /_1 <br /> | ||
z [ts] /_234 | but d [t] (蹲) <br /> | ||
z [ts] /_234 <br /> | |||
but c [tsʰ] (攢萃悴瘁) | |||
| c [tsʰ] /_1,'''COL'''2 <br /> | | c [tsʰ] /_1,'''COL'''2 <br /> | ||
z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 | z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] (攢) <br /> | |||
and s [s] (萃悴瘁) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 303: | Line 313: | ||
| [s] | | [s] | ||
| s [s] <br /> | | s [s] <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] ( | but c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹) | ||
| s [s] <br /> | | s [s] <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] <br /> | but c [tsʰ] <br /> | ||
Line 410: | Line 420: | ||
| [tɕ] | | [tɕ] | ||
| zh [tʂ] <br /> | | zh [tʂ] <br /> | ||
but ch [tʂʰ] (捶) | but ch [tʂʰ] (捶)<br /> | ||
and d [t] (盹) | |||
| z [ts] <br /> | | z [ts] <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹) | but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹)<br /> | ||
and d [t] (盹) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 453: | Line 465: | ||
| [ɕ] | | [ɕ] | ||
| sh [ʂ] <br /> | | sh [ʂ] <br /> | ||
but ch [tʂʰ] ( | but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂) | ||
| s [s] <br /> | | s [s] <br /> | ||
but c [tsʰ]<br /> | but c [tsʰ]<br /> | ||
(始弛矢設束翅奢) | (始弛矢設束翅奢) <br /> | ||
and z [ts] (舂) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | |
Revision as of 20:34, 23 July 2008
Onsets
- 1 = Ping tone
- 2 = Shang tone
- 3 = Qu tone
- 4 = Ru tone
- 1a = Yin Ping tone
- 1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.
This chart will use "1" on top of Baxter's notation to show that a certain condition applies only to the Ping tone (e.g. "zi1" means "zi but not ziX and ziH").
Onset | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren[1] | Baxter[2] | IPA[3] | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
幫 | p | p | [p] | b [p] but p [pʰ] (迫) |
b [p] but p [pʰ] (編遍) |
h [h] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
滂 | p' | ph | [pʰ] | p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽怖) |
p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽品怖) |
h [h] | h [h] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | ||
並 | b' | b | [b] | p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234 |
p [pʰ] /_1,COL2 b [p] /_34,LIT2 |
b [b] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
明 | m | m | [m] | m [m] | m [m] | m [m] | b [b] | ㅁ [m] | ||
非* | p | p | [f] | f [f] | f [f] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
敷* | p' | ph | [fʰ] | f [f] | f [f] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | ||
奉* | b' | b | [v] | f [f] | f [f] | b [b] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
微* | m | m | [ɱ] | w [w] | m [m] | m [m] | b [b] | ㅁ [m] | ||
端 | t | t | [t] | d [t] but n [n] (鳥) |
d [t] but t [tʰ] (淡) |
t [t] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
透 | t' | th | [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | t [t] | t [t] | ㅌ [tʰ] | ||
定 | d' | d | [d] | t [tʰ] /_1 but d [t] (鼕) |
t [tʰ] /_1,COL2 but d [t] (鼕) |
d [d] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
泥 | n | n | [n] | n [n] | n [n] | n [n] | d [d] | ㄴ [n] | ||
來 | l | l | [l] | l [l] | l [l] | r [ɺ] | r [ɺ] | ㄹ [ɾ] | ||
知 | t̂ | tr | [ʈ] | zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) |
z [ts] but d [t] (涿啄琢爹) |
t [t] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
徹 | t̂' | trh | [ʈʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] | c [tsʰ] | t [t] | t [t] | ㅌ [tʰ] | ||
澄 | d̂' | dr | [ɖʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234 |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 |
d [d] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
娘 | n | nr | [ɳ] | n [n] | n [n] | n [n] | d [d] | ㄴ [n] | ||
精 | ts | ts | [ts] | z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (雀挫) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (挫) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||
清 | ts' | tsh | [tsʰ] | c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (緝竣) |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (竣) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||
從 | dz' | dz | [dz] | c [tsʰ] /_1 but d [t] (蹲) |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 |
z [z] | s [s] | |||
心 | s | s | [s] | s [s] but c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
邪 | z | z | [z] | s [s] but c [tsʰ] in |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 |
z [z] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
照莊 | tṣ | tsr | [tʂ] | zh [tʂ] but z [ts] |
z [ts] | s [s] | s [s] | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||
穿初 | tṣ' | tsrh | [tʂʰ] | ch [tʂʰ]
but c [tsʰ] |
c [tsʰ] | s [s] | s [s] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||
床崇 | dẓ' | dzr | [dʐʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 but c [ts] (岑) |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 but s [s] (潺愁崇) |
z [z] | s [s] | |||
審生 | ṣ | sr | [ʂ] | sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (產) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
禪俟 | ź | zr | [ʐ] | s [s] | z [ts] | z [z] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
照章 | tś | tsy | [tɕ] | zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (捶) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||
穿昌 | tś' | tsyh | [tɕʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋) |
c [tsʰ] but s [s] (樞瀋) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||
床船 | dź' | zy | [ʑ] | sh [ʂ] /_234 _1: |
s [s] | z [z] | s [s] | |||
審書 | ś | sy | [ɕ] | sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
禪常 | ź | dzy | [dʑ] | sh [ʂ] /_234 _1: |
s [s] | z [z] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
日 | ńź | ny | [ȵ] | r [ɻ] er [aɚ]: |
j [j] | n [n] | z [z] | |||
見 | k | k | [k] | g [k] but k [kʰ] |
g [k] but k [kʰ] |
k [k] | k [k] | ㄱ [k] | ||
溪 | k' | kh | [kʰ] | k [kʰ] but h [x] |
h [h] or k [kʰ] |
k [k] | k [k] | ㄱ [k] | ||
群 | g' | g | [g] | k [kʰ] /_1 but g [k] (畿鯨) |
k [kʰ] /_1,COL2 but g [k] (畿) |
g [ɡ] | k [k] | ㄱ [k] | ||
疑 | ng | ng | [ŋ] | ∅ but n [n] |
ng [ŋ] but k [kʰ] (岌) |
g [ɡ] | g [ɡ] | ㅇ [∅] | ||
影 | ' | ' | [ʔ] | ∅ but g [k] (娟) |
∅ but g [k] (娟) |
∅ | ∅ | ㅇ [∅] | ||
曉 | x | x | [h] | h [x] but k [kʰ] (況) |
h [x] | k [k] | k [k] | ㅎ [h] | ||
匣 | ɣ | h | [ɦ] | h [x] but g [k] (迥) |
h [x] but g [k] (迥) |
g [ɡ] w [w] |
k [k] | ㅎ [h] | ||
喻云 | j | hj | [ɦj] | ∅ but h [x] (彙彗雄熊) |
∅ but h [x] (雄熊) |
∅ | ㅇ [∅] | |||
喻以 | ∅ | y | [j] | ∅ but g [k] (捐) |
∅ but g [k] (捐) |
∅ | ㅇ [∅] |
* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split are
- All third-deng (等) and hekou (合口) rimes
- The third-deng (等) and kaikou (開口) rimes of 東, 鍾, 尤
Notes on omitted recent changes, ongoing changes, and allophony
Note for all:
- For the sake of consistency, the onsets 疑, 影, 匣, 云, 以 are treated as having a zero onset ∅ descendant (whenever applicable), while any glide onsets that do appear ([j], [w], etc.) are shown as the descendant of the MC rime in the rime correspondence tables.
Note for Mandarin — Beijing:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
- g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
Note for Yue — Canton (Cantonese):
- [kʷ] and [kʰʷ] behave as single phonemes in Cantonese phonology; this chart however treats them as /k + w/ and /kʰ + w/ to maintain consistency with Middle Chinese and with other Chinese varieties and to reduce clutter.
- Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
- /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
- /n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.
Note for Japanese:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
- t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
- w [w] > 0 /_[i,e,o]
- /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.
Note for Korean:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
- ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_
- ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
Rimes
- P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
- T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
- TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
- S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
- SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
- SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
- TSR = TR,SR
- TSRY = TR,SR,SY
- K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)
通攝 Tong She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
東一開 | ung | uwng | ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ |
ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁) |
u [u] some uu [uː] |
ou [oː] | |||
冬一開 | uong | owng | ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_) |
ung [ʊŋ] | o [o] some ou [oː] |
ou [oː] | |||
東三開 | i̯ung | juwng | ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /g_ |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /y_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] (incl. y_ ) |
yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_ | |||
鍾三開 | i̯wong | jowng | ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,y_ |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ,y_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] (incl. ʔ,y_ ) |
you [joː] ou [oː]/P_ | |||
東一開 | uk | uwk | u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | |||
冬一開 | uok | owk | u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | |||
東三開 | i̯uk | juwk | mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] | iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_ uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_ |
iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_ yuku [juku] /S_,SY_ | |||
鍾三開 | i̯wok | jowk | mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_ |
oku [oku] yoku [yoku] /y_ |
yoku [joku] |
江攝 Jiang She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
江二開 | ång | æwng | iang [jɑŋ] / K_ but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) |
ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_ oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_ |
ou [oː] | au [oː] | |||
江二開 | åk | æwk | LIT üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_) |
ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_ ak [ɐk] /ʔ_ |
oku [oku] /P_ aku [aku] |
aku [aku] |
止攝 Zhi She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
支三開 | ie̯ | j(i)e | i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ but i [i] (徙璽) |
i [i] /S,TSRY_ but aai [aːi] (徙璽) |
i [i] | i [i] | |||
脂三開 | i | (j)ij | i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ er [ɑɚ] /ny_ |
i [i] /S,TSRY_ but ei [ei] (死四) |
i [i] | i [i] | |||
之三開 | i | i | i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ but e [ɤ] (廁) |
i [i] /S,TSRY_ i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ |
mostly o [o] /K_ but i [i] /ʔ,hj,y_ |
i [i] | |||
微三開 | e̯i | jɨj | i [i] (none /S,TSRY_) |
i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ ei [ei] /K_ |
e [e] | i [i] | |||
支三合 | wie̯ | jw(i)e | uai [uai] /SR_ ei [ei] /l_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ |
wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else |
wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else |
|||
脂三合 | wi | (j)wij | uai [uai] /SR_ ei [ei] /l_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ (no /ŋ_) |
wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else incl. y_ |
wi [i] /K_ incl. y_ ui [ui] /else |
|||
微三合 | we̯i | jwɨj | ui [uei] ei [ei] /P_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ |
i [i] /P_ wi [i] /ʔ,hj_ |
i [i] /P_ wi [i] /K_ |
遇攝 Yu She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
魚三開 | i̯wo | jo | u [u] /TSRY_ ü [y] /else |
yu [y] /ŋ,ʔ,y,TR,SY_ but eoi [ɵy] (除) |
|||||
虞三合 | i̯u | ju | |||||||
模一開 | uo | u |
蟹攝 Xie She
臻攝 Zhen She
山攝 Shan She
效攝 Xiao She
果攝 Guo She
假攝 Jia She
宕攝 Dang She
梗攝 Geng She
曾攝 Ceng She
流攝 Liu She
深攝 Shen She
咸攝 Xian She
Tones
- P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
- M = MC sonorant onset
- B = MC voiced obstruent onset
Tone | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese (?) | Korean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||||
平 Ping |
P | ∅ | ∅ | 55 | 55 | ||||||
M | 35 | 21 | |||||||||
B | |||||||||||
上 Shang |
P | : | X | 214 | 35 | ||||||
M | 23 | ||||||||||
B | 51 | 23 or 22 | |||||||||
去 Qu |
P | - | H | 33 | |||||||
M | 22 | ||||||||||
B | |||||||||||
入 Ru |
P | ∅ (-p,t,k) |
∅ (-p,t,k) |
Random | 55 (short) 33 (long) |
||||||
M | 51 | 22 | |||||||||
B | 35 |
Resources
Middle Chinese
- Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
- Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary
- Middle Chinese lookup tool
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
- Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
- Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)
Modern Chinese
Sino-Xenic
Other correspondence lists
Footnotes
- ↑ [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.
- ↑ William Baxter.
- ↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).