Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 11:34, 19 July 2008

Onsets

1 = Ping tone
2 = Shang tone
3 = Qu tone
4 = Ru tone
1a = Yin Ping tone
1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.

Onset	Middle Chinese			Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
Onset	Karlgren^[1]	Baxter^[2]	IPA^[3]	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
幫	p	p	[p]	b [p]	b [p]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
滂	p'	ph	[pʰ]	p [pʰ]	p [pʰ]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
並	b'	b	[b]	p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234	p [pʰ] /_12 b [p] /_(2)34			b [b]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
明	m	m	[m]	m [m]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]	ㅁ [m]
非*	p	p	[f]	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
敷*	p'	ph	[fʰ]	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
奉*	b'	b	[v]	f [f]	f [f]			b [b]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
微*	m	m	[ɱ]	w [w]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]	ㅁ [m]
端	t	t	[t]	d [t]	d [t]			t [t]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
透	t'	th	[tʰ]	t [tʰ]	t [tʰ]			t [t]	t [t]	ㅌ [tʰ]
定	d'	d	[d]	t [tʰ] /_1 d [t] /_234	t [tʰ] /_12 d [t] /_(2)34			d [d]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
泥	n	n	[n]	n [n]	n [n]			n [n]	d [d]	ㄴ [n]
來	l	l	[l]	l [l]	l [l]			r [ɺ]	r [ɺ]	ㄹ [ɾ]
知	t̂	tr	[ʈ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			t [t]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
徹	t̂'	trh	[ʈʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			t [t]	t [t]	ㅌ [tʰ]
澄	d̂'	dr	[ɖʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234	c [tsʰ] /_12 z [ts] /_(2)34			d [d]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
娘	n	nr	[ɳ]	n [n]	n [n]			n [n]	d [d]	ㄴ [n]
精	ts	ts	[ts]	z [ts]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
清	ts'	tsh	[tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從	dz'	dz	[dz]	c [tsʰ] /_1 z [ts] /_234	c [tsʰ] /_12 z [ts] /_(2)34			z [z]	s [s]
心	s	s	[s]	s [s]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
邪	z	z	[z]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
莊	tṣ	tsr	[tʂ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
初	tṣ'	tsrh	[tʂʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
崇	dẓ'	dzr	[dʐʰ]					z [z]	s [s]
山	ṣ	sr	[ʂ]	sh [ʂ]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
俟	ź	zr	[ʐ]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
章	tś	tsy	[tɕ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
昌	tś'	tsyh	[tɕʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
船	dź'	zy	[ʑ]					z [z]	s [s]
書	ś	sy	[ɕ]	sh [ʂ]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
禪	ź	dzy	[dʑ]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
日	ńź	ny	[ȵ]					n [n]	z [z]
見	k	k	[k]	g [k]	g [k]			k [k]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
溪	k'	kh	[kʰ]					k [k]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
群	g'	g	[g]					g [ɡ]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
疑	ng	ng	[ŋ]					g [ɡ]	g [ɡ]	ㅇ
影	'	'	[ʔ]					Ø y [j] w [w]	Ø y [j] w [w]	ㅇ
曉	x	x	[h]					k [k]	k [k]	ㅎ [h]
匣	ɣ	h	[ɦ]					g [ɡ] w [w]	k [k]	ㅎ [h]
云	j	hj	[ɦj]							ㅇ
以	∅	y	[j]							ㅇ

* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split appear to be: 1) Third-deng (等) rime; 2) A "back" or "labialized" feature in the syllable (exact definition subject to debate).

Allophony in reflexes

Note for Mandarin Chinese — The following rules also apply:

z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Cantonese:

Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ], but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
/ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
/n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.

Note for Japanese — The following rules also apply:

t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
w [w] > 0 /_[i,u,e,o]
/g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Note for Korean — The following rules also apply:

ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_
ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]

Rimes

P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
TSRY = TR,SR,SY
K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
東一	ung	uwng	ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)			u [u] some uu [uː]	ou [oː]
冬一	uong	owng	ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_)	ung [ʊŋ]			o [o] some ou [oː]	ou [oː]
東三	i̯ung	juwng	ong [ʊŋ] eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ]			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_,l_	yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_
鍾三	i̯wong	jowng	ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x_,ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_	you [joː] ou [oː]/P_
東一	uk	uwk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
冬一	uok	owk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
東三	i̯uk	juwk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉) iu [jou] (宿六) uo [uo] (縮)	uk [ʊk]			iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_ uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_ oku [oku] /l_,m_	iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_ yuku [juku] /S_,SY_ uku [uku] /P_ oku [oku] /m_
鍾三	i̯wok	jowk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ü [y] (續綠)	uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_			oku [oku]	yoku [joku]

江攝 Jiang She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
江二	ång	æwng	iang [jɑŋ] / K_ but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) uang [wɑŋ] /TR_,SR_ ang [ɑŋ] /P_	ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_ oeng [œːŋ] /TR_,SR_			ou [oː]	au [oː]
江二	åk	æwk	literary: üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_) but e [ɤ] (殼) (u)o [uo] / else colloquial: iao [jau] / K_ (角殼) ao [au] (剝雹)	ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_ ak [ɐk] /ʔ_ oek [œːk] or ok [ɔːk] or uk [ʊk] /TR_,SR_			oku [oku] /P_ aku [aku]	aku [aku]

止攝 Zhi She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
支三開	ie̯	j(i)e	i [ɿ,ʅ] / S,TSRY_ er [ɑɚ] / ny_ i [i] else
脂三開	i	(j)ij	i [ɿ,ʅ] / S,TSRY_ er [ɑɚ] / ny_ i [i] else
之三	i	i	i [ɿ,ʅ] / S,TSRY_ er [ɑɚ] / ny_ i [i] else
微三開	e̯i	jɨj	i [i] (none / S,TSRY_)
支三合	wie̯	jw(i)e
脂三合	wi	(j)wij
微三合	we̯i	jwɨj

遇攝 Yu She

蟹攝 Xie She

臻攝 Zhen She

山攝 Shan She

效攝 Xiao She

果攝 Guo She

假攝 Jia She

宕攝 Dang She

梗攝 Geng She

曾攝 Ceng She

流攝 Liu She

深攝 Shen She

咸攝 Xian She

Tones

Resources

Middle Chinese

Modern Chinese

Sino-Xenic

Other correspondence lists

Footnotes

↑ [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.
↑ William Baxter.
↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).

[karlgren-1] [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.

[baxter-2] William Baxter.

[panwuyun-3] Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 778: / Line 778: @@
 | ie̯
 | j(i)e
-| i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ <br />
+| i [ɿ,ʅ] / S,TSRY_ <br />
-er [ɑɚ] /ny_ <br />
+er [ɑɚ] / ny_ <br />
 i [i] else
 |
@@ Line 790: / Line 790: @@
 | i
 | (j)ij
-| i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ <br />
+| i [ɿ,ʅ] / S,TSRY_ <br />
-er [ɑɚ] /ny_ <br />
+er [ɑɚ] / ny_ <br />
 i [i] else
 |
@@ Line 802: / Line 802: @@
 | i
 | i
-| i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ <br />
+| i [ɿ,ʅ] / S,TSRY_ <br />
-er [ɑɚ] /ny_ <br />
+er [ɑɚ] / ny_ <br />
 i [i] else
 |
@@ Line 815: / Line 815: @@
 | jɨj
 | i [i] <br />
-(none with S,TSRY)
+(none / S,TSRY_)
 |
 |