Songulda language: Difference between revisions

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=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verbs agree with nouns in person/number and case. The order in which affixes are tacked on is: (conditional)+(causative)+stem+(past tense)+(state)+(perfect)+(continuous)+person/number+(passive)+(conditional). Person and number is fusioned in the suffixes, which are as follow:
All stems of all verbs in Songulda end with either -ü, -ba, -da, -ga or -khu. Verbs agree with nouns in person/number and case. The order in which affixes are tacked on is: (conditional)+(causative)+stem+(past tense)+(state)+(perfect)+(continuous)+person/number+(passive)+(conditional). Person and number is fusioned in the suffixes, which are as follow:
{| border=1
{| border=1
! Person/number
! Person/number
! Affix
! Affix
! Examples
! Examples
|-
| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
| -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
| -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
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|}
|}


====Voice====
Songulda has four voices: active, passive, impersonal passive and causative.
{| border=1
{| border=1
! Voice
! Voice
! Affix
! Affix
! Examples
|-
|-
| Active
| Active
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| Passive
| Passive
| -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
| -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
|-
| Causative
| ban-/bĭn-
|}
The impersonal passive is made the same way as the passive, except that the person/number suffix, which usually is oblique, is dropped.
====Tense====
{| border=1
! Tense
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Past
| -lt (if word ends with ü), -l (if word ends with a), -ld (if word ends with u)
|-
| Present
| No marking
|}
Songulda has no future tense, instead the present tense is used. It is understood from context which tense is actually meant. For example, if someone says "I go to the store", but doesn't move at all from the spot, it is understood to have been meaning "in the future". Using words like "then", "later" and "after" in a sentence also indicate that something will take place in the future.
====Aspect====
{| border=1
! Aspect
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Conditional
| Circumfixing i- (if word begins with a consonant) or in- (if word begins with a vowel) and -ki/-gi.
|-
| Continuous
| -üs (if word ends with ü or ült), -as (if word ends with a), -us (if word ends with u or khuld), lengthening of the last vowel (if the word ends with al)
|-
| Perfect
| -ü (if word ends with ü or ült), -ga (if word ends with ba or dal), -ba (if word ends with da or bal), -da (if word ends with ga or gal), -hukhu (if the word ends with khu; the first khu is deleted), -a (if the word ends with khuld)
|-
| State
| -ga (if the word ends with khu), -iga (if the word ends with a, l or khuld; the previous a is deleted), -yü (if the word ends with ü or ült)
|}
|}
The "state aspect" is used to indicate a change of state. The word for ''marry'' for example, would mean that someone is married if used with this aspect. Without the state aspect, the word would mean that someone is at the wedding ceremony right now.

Revision as of 05:05, 18 July 2008

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Songulda
Songulda
Spoken in:
Conworld:
Total speakers:
Genealogical classification:
Songulda
Basic word order:
Morphological type: agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative
Writing system:
Created by:
Qwynegold


Phonology and phonotactics


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m n ŋː
Plosives p b t d k g
Fricatives s ʃ ʒ x h
Affricates ts tʃ dʒ
Approximants ʋ j
Trill r
Lateral Approximant l


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i y ɨ u
Near-high
High-mid
Mid e ø o
Low-mid
Near-low
Low ɑ

All the vowels and the consonants /p t k m n s x h l/ can have phonemic length.

Vowel harmony

Songulda has progressive vowel harmony, with vowels belonging to one of the three groups front, back or neutral.

Front Back Neutral
y u i
2̽ o̽ e̽
1 A

If a word root has only neutral vowels in it, then affixes belonging to the front group will be used with it.

Syllable structure

The syllable structure for non-final syllables is (O)V(ː)((C)D(ː)), and for final syllables (O)V(ː)((C)D). For both syllable types, V can be any vowel. For non-final syllables O can be any consonant except /p/ or/ŋː/, and for final syllables any consonant except /ŋː/. The C and D have certain constraints. For non-final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:

m
n nd ns nʒ nx nh nts ndʒ
p
b
t
d
k
g
s st sk
ʃ
ʒ
x
h
tʃ
dʒ
ʋ ʋd ʋs
j jt jd jk jm jn jr js jx jts jdʒ jl
r rt rd rk rm rs rx rts rj
l lt ld lk lm ls lʒ lx lts ldʒ lj

For final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:

m mp mt mts mtʃ
n nt nd ns nʒ nts ndʒ
ŋk
b
t
d
g gt gd gs
s sp st sk
ʒ
x
h
tʃ
dʒ
ʋ ʋt ʋd ʋs
j jt jd jk jm jn jr js jx jts jdʒ jl
r rt rd rk rm rts rj rx
l lp lt ld lk lm ls lʃ lʒ lx lts ltʃ ldʒ lj

A list of phonemes that can actually appear next to each other in a word, regardless of whether they are in the same syllable or not is here (long consonants are counted here as sequences of two consonants):

1st phoneme 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph.
p p t s j l
b d n x dZ j
t t k m r h ts tS v j l
d b g m n r s S x h v j l
k t k s j l
g d m s Z x dZ v j l
m p b t d m n r s S Z x h ts tS dZ j l
n t d n s S Z x h ts tS dZ v j
N k g m N r l
r p b t d k g m r s S x h ts tS dZ v j
S p t k m v j l
Z b d g
x b d g m x dZ v j l
h p b t d k g m n r s x h ts tS dZ v j l
tS p k m S j
dZ b g n Z
v d g r Z x dZ l
j p b t d k g m n r s S Z x h ts tS dZ v l
l p b t d k g m n s S Z x h ts tS dZ v j l

Other phonotactic rules are: [*] /p/ can not be the first phoneme of a word. [*] Whenever a word has a voiced stop, no unvoiced stops can follow after it in the whole word. [*] There are no diphtongs.

Writing

The romanized version of Songulda, which will be used from here on, is as follows:

Romanization and pronunciation

A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ĭ ĭ, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y

Letter Pronunciation
A a ɑ
B b b
CH ch tʃ
D d d
DZ dz dʒ
E e e̽
F f f
G g g
H h h
I i i
Ĭ ĭ ɨ
J j ʒ
K k k
KH kh x
L l l
M m m
N n n
NG ng ŋː
O o o̽
Ö ö ø̽
P p p
R r r
S s s
SH sh ʃ
T t t
TS ts ts
U u u
Ü ü y
V v ʋ
Y y j


Grammars

Songulda is an ergative, agglutinative language.


Verbs

All stems of all verbs in Songulda end with either -ü, -ba, -da, -ga or -khu. Verbs agree with nouns in person/number and case. The order in which affixes are tacked on is: (conditional)+(causative)+stem+(past tense)+(state)+(perfect)+(continuous)+person/number+(passive)+(conditional). Person and number is fusioned in the suffixes, which are as follow:

Person/number Affix Examples
1st person singular -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
1st person plural -o/-ö (if word ends with s), -zo (if word ends with d (making the affricate <dz>), -so/-sö (in other cases)
2nd person singular -t (if word ends with l, s, d or vowel; long vowels in last syllable are shortened, last d is deleted), -tĭ (if word ends with t)
2nd person plural -to/-tö (final d is deleted)
3rd person singular -ta (if word ends with back vowel), -t (if word ends with üü), -üt (if word ends with ü or üs), -üsüt (if word ends with üüs; the üüs is deleted), -ülüt (if word ends with ült; the ült is deleted), -ata (in other cases)
3rd person plural -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)

Voice

Songulda has four voices: active, passive, impersonal passive and causative.

Voice Affix Examples
Active No marking
Passive -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
Causative ban-/bĭn-

The impersonal passive is made the same way as the passive, except that the person/number suffix, which usually is oblique, is dropped.

Tense

Tense Affix Examples
Past -lt (if word ends with ü), -l (if word ends with a), -ld (if word ends with u)
Present No marking

Songulda has no future tense, instead the present tense is used. It is understood from context which tense is actually meant. For example, if someone says "I go to the store", but doesn't move at all from the spot, it is understood to have been meaning "in the future". Using words like "then", "later" and "after" in a sentence also indicate that something will take place in the future.

Aspect

Aspect Affix Examples
Conditional Circumfixing i- (if word begins with a consonant) or in- (if word begins with a vowel) and -ki/-gi.
Continuous -üs (if word ends with ü or ült), -as (if word ends with a), -us (if word ends with u or khuld), lengthening of the last vowel (if the word ends with al)
Perfect -ü (if word ends with ü or ült), -ga (if word ends with ba or dal), -ba (if word ends with da or bal), -da (if word ends with ga or gal), -hukhu (if the word ends with khu; the first khu is deleted), -a (if the word ends with khuld)
State -ga (if the word ends with khu), -iga (if the word ends with a, l or khuld; the previous a is deleted), -yü (if the word ends with ü or ült)

The "state aspect" is used to indicate a change of state. The word for marry for example, would mean that someone is married if used with this aspect. Without the state aspect, the word would mean that someone is at the wedding ceremony right now.

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