Germanic languages: Difference between revisions
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* [[West Germanic]] | * [[West Germanic]] | ||
** [[German]] | ** [[German]] | ||
***[[Old High German]] | *** Stages of High German: | ||
***[[Middle High German]] | ****[[Old High German]] | ||
***[[New High German]] or Modern (Standard) German | ****[[Middle High German]] | ||
** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German | ****[[New High German]] or Modern (Standard) German | ||
*** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German | |||
** [[Dutch]] | ** [[Dutch]] | ||
** [[English]] | ** [[English]] | ||
***[[Anglo-Saxon]] | ***Stages of English: | ||
***[[Middle English]] | ****[[Anglo-Saxon]] | ||
***[[Modern English]] | ****[[Middle English]] | ||
***[[Scots]] | ****[[Modern English]] | ||
****[[Scots]] | |||
*[[North Germanic]] | *[[North Germanic]] | ||
**[[Old Norse]] | **[[Old Norse]] | ||
Revision as of 15:09, 1 June 2008
Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic
These may not be 100% accurate.
- ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ → k, g, gʰ
Grimm's law
- bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ → β, ð, ɣ, β/ɣ
- b, d, g, gʷ → p, t, k, kʷ/k
- p, t, k, kʷ → f, θ, x, xʷ
Verner's law
- f, θ, s, x, xʷ → β, ð, z, ɣ, ɣʷ (except initially or following IE stress)
Vowel changes
- aː → oː
- e → i
- eː → æː
- ei → iː
- eːi → eː (?)
- oi → ai
- oːi → oː (?)
- aːi → oː (?)
- eu → iu
- ou → au
Listing of Germanic Languages
- West Germanic
- German
- Stages of High German:
- Old High German
- Middle High German
- New High German or Modern (Standard) German
- Low Saxon aka Low German
- Stages of High German:
- Dutch
- English
- Stages of English:
- German
- North Germanic
- East Germanic
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