Seuna verbs: Difference between revisions

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In finite form, the verb has always three slots after the main word. These slots are for subject, mood and tense. A forth slot, which gives evidential information is also often tagged on.
In finite form, the verb has always three slots after the main word. These slots are for subject, mood and tense. A fourth slot, which gives evidential information is also often tagged on.


==Subject suffix==
==Subject suffix==
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   |}
   |}


There is also an impersonal passive form of the verb. For this -oi- is used for the singular and -eu- is used for the plural.
There is also an impersonal passive form of the verb. For this -'''oi'''- is used for the singular and -'''eu'''- for the plural.


==Mood suffix==
==Mood suffix==
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   |}
   |}


The imperative has no tense suffix. Also it is used only with the two second person subject suffixes. So for example;-  
When the imperative is used there is no tense suffix. Also it is used only with the two second person subject suffixes. So for example;-  


'''timpiya na''' = Hit him/her/it.
{| border=1
'''timpeya na''' = Hit him/her/it(spoken to more than one person).
  |align=center| to hit
  |align=center| -'''timpa'''-
  |-
  |align=center| Hit him/her.
  |align=center| -'''timpiya na'''-
  |-
  |align=center| Hit him/her(spoken to more than one person).
  |align=center| -'''timpeya na'''-
    |}


For the negative imperative, a particle is used plus the verb in its infinitive form.  
To negate the imperative we use the particle '''kya'''. For example ;-
For example;-


'''timpa =''' to hit/strike
{| border=1
'''kya timpa na''' = Don't hit him/her.
  |align=center| Don't hit him/her.
  |align=center| -'''kya timpa na'''-
    |}


Notice that in the negative form, the single/plural distinction is lost.   
Notice that in the negative form, the single/plural distinction is lost.   
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Evidentials are only used in main(independent clauses), with the indicative mood. The "seen" evidential is only used with the past tense suffix. None of the evidentials are obligatory. The reported and inferred seem to bring into doubt the reliability of the information somewhat.
Evidentials are only used in main(independent clauses), with the indicative mood. The "seen" evidential is only used with the past tense suffix. None of the evidentials are obligatory. The reported and inferred seem to bring into doubt the reliability of the information somewhat.


'''-n''' means inferred from evidence and is used in the situations in which we prefix or tag on "I guess" or "I think" to a clause in English.


-n means inferred from evidence and is used in the situations in which we prefix or tag on "I guess" or "I think" to a clause in English.
'''-s''' means and information asserted is got from some third party and is used where we might prefix "they say" to a clause in English.  
 
 
-s means and information asserted is got from some third party and is used where we might prefix "they say" to a clause in English.  


==Negation==
==Negation==
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==The copula==
==The copula==


This is exactly the same as the person mood tense verb tag


And it also turns up sentence finally as one way to ask a question.
'''are''' = I am (I am being)
RW passive 
'''aure''' = we are(exc.)
SW passive evidential
'''aire''' = we(inc.) are
FW passive hearsay
'''ire''' = you are
'''ere''' = you are, you lot are, you'll is
'''ore''' = he, she, it is
'''ure''' = they are


'''ore''' and '''ure''' are contracted to 're  when the subject to which it refers comes immediately before.


U future ................. NAU = "this" as when applied to a undivulged sequence of events......... UWA future particle i.e. the book that must be read ???
When translating from English to Seuna one must be aware that the present tense of the copula corresponds to two copula tenses in Seuna. It addition to the present tense given above, we have the habitual/general tense also.
I past    ................. NAI = "that" as when applied to a sequence of events ......... IYA past or passive particle ???
     


The active verb is formed by first taking off the final vowl. Then suffixing the person to the verb, followed by the mood and then the tense. Foe example
'''aro''' = I am
'''auro''' = we are(exc.)
'''airo''' = we(inc.) are
'''iro''' = you are
'''ero''' = you are, you lot are, you'll is
'''oro''' = he, she, it is
'''uro''' = they are


TIMPA = to hit, hitting
The difference in meaning between the two forms, is the same as the difference between the two Spanish copulas “estar” and "ser". The "e" form being used for a less permanent state of affairs
(similar to the use of "estar")and the "o" form being used for a more permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of "ser"). For example;-


TIMPIRE(TIMP + I + R + E)  = You are hitting
'''are duke''' = I am sick
'''aro duke''' = I am an invalid     


Also N can be added to the end of all that to give reciprocal voice, and S for reflexive.
==Nouns from verbs==


{| border=1
  |align=center| '''solbe'''
  |align=center| to drink
  |align=center| '''humpa'''
  |align=center| to eat
  |-
  |align=center| '''solbela'''
  |align=center| the drinker(human)
  |align=center| '''humpala'''
  |align=center| the eater(human)
  |-
  |align=center| '''solbo'''
  |align=center| beverage
  |align=center| '''humpo'''
  |align=center| food
    |}
If it was some device doing the action then the suffix would be '''ma''' instead of '''la'''.


Verbs to nouns
SOLBE = to drink
SOLBELA = a drinker
SOLBEMA = a machine that drinks
SOLBO = a drink, a beverage(verbal noun representing a substancive)
The copula
This is exactly the same as the person mood tense verb tag
ARE = I am (I am being)
AURE = we are
IRE = you are
ERE = you are, you lot are, you'll is
AIRE = we (inc.) are
RE = he, she, it is ……. Note that the 'U' is left out.
ORE = they are
• … The 'O' is also left out if the noun that 'they' represent is inclused  in the sentence
The copula has all the person, mood and tense tags that a regular verb has. Note the difference in meaning between the to tenses “E”, and “O”. They roughly correspond in function to the to verbs “estar” and  “ser”.  i.e.
ARE ill = I am sick
ARO ill = I am an invalid       
This KA is used in two other verbal situations with a non-emphatic sense (see below)
RO HAGADI = She is beautiful
KA RO HAGADI = She is not beatiful
KYA IRO SOLBESI = don't be inclined to drink  KYA IRO SOLBEDA = don't be drunk
==Index==
==Index==


{{Seuna index}}
{{Seuna index}}

Revision as of 20:25, 16 February 2008

In finite form, the verb has always three slots after the main word. These slots are for subject, mood and tense. A fourth slot, which gives evidential information is also often tagged on.

Subject suffix

The subject slot is filled as follows ;-

I -a- we(exc.) -au-
we(inc.) -ai-
you -i- you(pl.) -e-
he/she -o- they -u-

There is also an impersonal passive form of the verb. For this -oi- is used for the singular and -eu- for the plural.

Mood suffix

The mood slot is filled as follows ;-

indicative -r- negative indicative -rt-
subjunctive -s- negative subjuctive -st-
imperitive -ya

When the imperative is used there is no tense suffix. Also it is used only with the two second person subject suffixes. So for example;-

to hit -timpa-
Hit him/her. -timpiya na-
Hit him/her(spoken to more than one person). -timpeya na-

To negate the imperative we use the particle kya. For example ;-

Don't hit him/her. -kya timpa na-

Notice that in the negative form, the single/plural distinction is lost.

Tense suffix

The tense slot is filled as follows ;-

past -i
future -u
perfect -a
past perfect -ua
future perfect -ia
general/habitual -o
present -e
simultaneous -ai
consequential -au

Evidential suffix

reported -n
inferred -s
seen -o

Evidentials are only used in main(independent clauses), with the indicative mood. The "seen" evidential is only used with the past tense suffix. None of the evidentials are obligatory. The reported and inferred seem to bring into doubt the reliability of the information somewhat.

-n means inferred from evidence and is used in the situations in which we prefix or tag on "I guess" or "I think" to a clause in English.

-s means and information asserted is got from some third party and is used where we might prefix "they say" to a clause in English.

Negation

The way to negate an infinitive, is to put the particle ka in front of the verb.

ka solbe = to not drink ka timpa = to not hit

Now usually as already seen, verbs in the indicative and subjunctive are negated by the infix t. However ka can also be used in these cases as well. When this happens it adds emphasis to the negation. For example ;-

ka solborti = He/she definitely didn't drink.

The copula

This is exactly the same as the person mood tense verb tag

are = I am (I am being) aure = we are(exc.) aire = we(inc.) are ire = you are ere = you are, you lot are, you'll is ore = he, she, it is ure = they are

ore and ure are contracted to 're when the subject to which it refers comes immediately before.

When translating from English to Seuna one must be aware that the present tense of the copula corresponds to two copula tenses in Seuna. It addition to the present tense given above, we have the habitual/general tense also.

aro = I am auro = we are(exc.) airo = we(inc.) are iro = you are ero = you are, you lot are, you'll is oro = he, she, it is uro = they are

The difference in meaning between the two forms, is the same as the difference between the two Spanish copulas “estar” and "ser". The "e" form being used for a less permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of "estar")and the "o" form being used for a more permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of "ser"). For example;-

are duke = I am sick aro duke = I am an invalid

Nouns from verbs

solbe to drink humpa to eat
solbela the drinker(human) humpala the eater(human)
solbo beverage humpo food

If it was some device doing the action then the suffix would be ma instead of la.

Index

  1. Introduction to Seuna
  2. Seuna : Chapter 1
  3. Seuna word shape
  4. The script of Seuna
  5. Seuna sentence structure
  6. Seuna pronouns
  7. Seuna nouns
  8. Seuna verbs (1)
  9. Seuna adjectives
  10. Seuna demonstratives
  11. Seuna verbs (2)
  12. Asking a question in Seuna
  13. Seuna relative clauses
  14. Seuna verbs (3)
  15. Methods for deriving words in Seuna
  16. List of all Seuna derivational affixes
  17. Numbers in Seuna
  18. Naming people in Seuna
  19. The Seuna calendar
  20. Seuna units
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