Knoschke: Difference between revisions

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(Not yet debugged)
(Not yet debugged)


&#42;kûdxî`lî > hozjelji<br>
&#42;kûdxî`lî > khozjelji<br>
&#42;khitî`do > hrjedò<br>
&#42;khitî`do > khrjedò<br>
&#42;uro`phâ > fa<br>
&#42;uro`phâ > fa<br>
&#42;tcunhû`nzâ > &#353;ondza<br>
&#42;tcunhû`nzâ > &#353;ondza<br>
&#42;duxi`jû > héju<br>
&#42;duxi`jû > théju<br>
&#42;`âtcâza > a&#353;az<br>
&#42;`âtcâza > a&#353;az<br>
&#42;`axurhe > èirj<br>
&#42;`axurhe > èirj<br>
&#42;`dzîltshize > zjisj<br>
&#42;`dzîltshize > zjisj<br>
&#42;`diwdemo > hjunj<br>
&#42;`diwdemo > thjunj<br>
&#42;thu`negî > tjèje<br>
&#42;thu`negî > tjèje<br>
&#42;`jarilda > jarjd<br>
&#42;`jarilda > jarjd<br>
&#42;wî`kajdxâ > heged&#382;a<br>
&#42;wî`kajdxâ > kheged&#382;a<br>
&#42;aqhi`zî > sji<br>
&#42;aqhi`zî > sji<br>
&#42;uba`tsû > sfu<br>
&#42;uba`tsû > sfu<br>
Line 163: Line 163:
&#42;râ`rûsu > rarrú<br>
&#42;râ`rûsu > rarrú<br>
&#42;tci`dxâqî > &#353;aije<br>
&#42;tci`dxâqî > &#353;aije<br>
&#42;dîwû`zê > hjogozje<br>
&#42;dîwû`zê > thjogozje<br>
&#42;â`rnery > arnjèr<br>
&#42;â`rnery > arnjèr<br>
&#42;`othohi > òsj<br>
&#42;`othohi > òsj<br>
&#42;tsîse`jnu > sjesjèno<br>
&#42;tsîse`jnu > sjesjèno<br>
&#42;sâdi`ba > sarjba<br>
&#42;sâdi`ba > sarjba<br>
&#42;tsi`dâlnô > hrallò<br>
&#42;tsi`dâlnô > thrallò<br>
&#42;`îbadu > jivr<br>
&#42;`îbadu > jivr<br>
&#42;putcû`rgâ > &#353;orqa<br>
&#42;putcû`rgâ > &#353;orqa<br>
Line 181: Line 181:
&#42;uzi`xû > sju<br>
&#42;uzi`xû > sju<br>
&#42;dxu`qhyla > &#382;yl<br>
&#42;dxu`qhyla > &#382;yl<br>
&#42;thûco`nxa > ho&#353;&#353;a<br>
&#42;thûco`nxa > tho&#353;&#353;a<br>
&#42;âlku`qi > alije<br>
&#42;âlku`qi > alije<br>
&#42;upu`gû > ku<br>
&#42;upu`gû > ku<br>
Line 196: Line 196:
&#42;râ`ltshatû > rassado<br>
&#42;râ`ltshatû > rassado<br>
&#42;u`nilse > njeltsj<br>
&#42;u`nilse > njeltsj<br>
&#42;tû`myru > homyr<br>
&#42;tû`myru > thomyr<br>
&#42;obla`tche > sjfè<br>
&#42;obla`tche > sjfè<br>
&#42;hinzu`kha > zqa<br>
&#42;hinzu`kha > zqa<br>

Revision as of 10:18, 21 June 2005

I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language which as yet has no name. In the meantime I'll call it "B-Noric", short for "Benct's Noric language".

History

(To be filled in)

Historical phonology

A Proto-Noric to B-Noric sound change applier program (not yet bug-free) is here.

Note that the description of the phonology below is not yet brought up-to-date. Wherever the output of the program differs from what the text makes you expect the program is more reliable!

Transcriptions preceded by * are the agreed-upon transcription. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are IPA.

  • *CVLC tends to be realized as CLVC when the first C is a stop.
*b > [β] *p > [b] *ph > [f] *tc > [ʃ] *ts > [s] *s/*c > [h]
*d > [ɾ] *t > [d] *th > [h] *tch > [ʃ] *tsh > [s] *x > [j]
*g > [ɣ] *k > [g] *kh > [x] *dx > [ʒ] *dz > [z] *h > [ɦ]

Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: *tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c and *x/*j. OTOH the phonemes *b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k and *th/*h do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.

  • Consonants are palatalized before *i, *î, *e, *ê though not before *y. Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other. They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" *tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x, the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [ɣʲ] which merges with *j. These two sets will be called primary palatals and secondary palatals respectively.
  • Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize. For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
*a(:)j > æ(:)j
*o(:)j > e(:)j
*u(:)j > i(:)j
*yj > ij
  • All *VjC sequences become V:C, so there arises a new phoneme /æ?/ from *ajC.
  • Unrounded vowels round/retract before *w. The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded. There arises no new phonemes, since *aw/*âw merge with *ow/*ôw.
*a(:)w > o(:)w
*e(:)w > o(:)w
*i(:)w > u(:)w
*yw > uw
  • All *VwC sequences become V̄C, but there arises no new phoneme since *awC merges with *owC and *ôC.

As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.

  • The [ɣ] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
  • Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [β] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /mʲ/ merges with /w/.
  • Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw]. Sporadically /j/ becomes /dʲ/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of j > gj > dʲ was general.
  • Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
  • Unstressed long vowels shorten.
  • The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
  • In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
Main exceptions:
  • All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no phonetic change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
  • Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals. Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /sʲ/, and [ɦj] merges with /j/.
  • After palatals /j/ drops.
  • Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus C(C)SC becomes SC. This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
  • A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [ɾ], except if that obstruent is [d] or [ʒ].
  • Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /ʔ/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
  • Complete assimilation of /ʔ/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /ʔ/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
  • All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop. Exceptions:
  • pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx remain.
  • bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx.
  • /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative. After an affricate this means loss of /h/. Non-affricate sibilants become geminate.
  • A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
  • Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
  • Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
  • Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by r/l/ɾ become voiceless aspirated stops.
  • Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
  • Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
  • /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/. Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
  • Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
  • Initial resonants before stops are lost.
  • Initial geminates are simplified.
  • nl/ln/rl/lr/ɾl/lɾ > ll.
  • mn > nn, nm > mm.
  • nr/nɾ > rr.
  • Vr > Vrr.
  • Vɾ > Vr.
  • The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed. There are some mergers:
ɪ/e > e
ɛ/æ/æː > ɛ
a/a: > a
ʊ/o > o
ɔ > /ɔ/
  • /ʔ/ and /ɦ/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs. High mid vowels become high after other vowels (Ve > Vi, Vo > Vu, except ee > ê and oo > ô giving Vi and Vi diphthongs. Va/Vɛ/Vɔ give new long vowels.
  • Vh becomes V:
  • Final vowel + simple nasal becomes nasalized vowel.
  • Final geminates are simplified.
  • Vv becomes Vw, with uv becoming û.

To be updated.

Examples

(Not yet debugged)

*kûdxî`lî > khozjelji
*khitî`do > khrjedò
*uro`phâ > fa
*tcunhû`nzâ > šondza
*duxi`jû > théju
*`âtcâza > ašaz
*`axurhe > èirj
*`dzîltshize > zjisj
*`diwdemo > thjunj
*thu`negî > tjèje
*`jarilda > jarjd
*wî`kajdxâ > khegedža
*aqhi`zî > sji
*uba`tsû > sfu
*`inwâtshô > jengasò
*`zûjara > zuir
*î`quthê > jusjè
*râ`rûsu > rarrú
*tci`dxâqî > šaije
*dîwû`zê > thjogozje
*â`rnery > arnjèr
*`othohi > òsj
*tsîse`jnu > sjesjèno
*sâdi`ba > sarjba
*tsi`dâlnô > thrallò
*`îbadu > jivr
*putcû`rgâ > šorqa
*`bidxîbu > vezjeu
*tchu`lnarha > šnar
*tcîlî`je > sjeljejè
*`isâzâ > jéaza
*bu`môqî > moije
*î`dûkhû > jeruxo
*`ôwîmâ > ojema
*`thedxûda > sjèžor
*uzi`xû > sju
*dxu`qhyla > žyl
*thûco`nxa > thošša
*âlku`qi > alije
*upu`gû > ku
*`tchopajthi > šòbètsj
*tshî`nôtcho > sjenoš
*îmbja`zê > jemvzje
*blo`khînu > zjiñ
*ûtsô`co > osô
*`ûrkharî > urje
*etlî`tu > jljedo
*`dxusûqhi > žósj
*`utelu > odjl
*âtshu`tû > asru
*râ`ltshatû > rassado
*u`nilse > njeltsj
*tû`myru > thomyr
*obla`tche > sjfè
*hinzu`kha > zqa
*`olmadzî > òldzje
*u`thapha > haph
*a`zômba > somb
*`rarcadô > rarrò
*`akumu > agv

BPJ 04:07, 21 Jun 2005 (PDT)