Knoschke: Difference between revisions
Line 144: | Line 144: | ||
(Not yet debugged) | (Not yet debugged) | ||
*kûdxî`lî > | *kûdxî`lî > khozjelji<br> | ||
*khitî`do > | *khitî`do > khrjedò<br> | ||
*uro`phâ > fa<br> | *uro`phâ > fa<br> | ||
*tcunhû`nzâ > šondza<br> | *tcunhû`nzâ > šondza<br> | ||
*duxi`jû > | *duxi`jû > théju<br> | ||
*`âtcâza > ašaz<br> | *`âtcâza > ašaz<br> | ||
*`axurhe > èirj<br> | *`axurhe > èirj<br> | ||
*`dzîltshize > zjisj<br> | *`dzîltshize > zjisj<br> | ||
*`diwdemo > | *`diwdemo > thjunj<br> | ||
*thu`negî > tjèje<br> | *thu`negî > tjèje<br> | ||
*`jarilda > jarjd<br> | *`jarilda > jarjd<br> | ||
*wî`kajdxâ > | *wî`kajdxâ > khegedža<br> | ||
*aqhi`zî > sji<br> | *aqhi`zî > sji<br> | ||
*uba`tsû > sfu<br> | *uba`tsû > sfu<br> | ||
Line 163: | Line 163: | ||
*râ`rûsu > rarrú<br> | *râ`rûsu > rarrú<br> | ||
*tci`dxâqî > šaije<br> | *tci`dxâqî > šaije<br> | ||
*dîwû`zê > | *dîwû`zê > thjogozje<br> | ||
*â`rnery > arnjèr<br> | *â`rnery > arnjèr<br> | ||
*`othohi > òsj<br> | *`othohi > òsj<br> | ||
*tsîse`jnu > sjesjèno<br> | *tsîse`jnu > sjesjèno<br> | ||
*sâdi`ba > sarjba<br> | *sâdi`ba > sarjba<br> | ||
*tsi`dâlnô > | *tsi`dâlnô > thrallò<br> | ||
*`îbadu > jivr<br> | *`îbadu > jivr<br> | ||
*putcû`rgâ > šorqa<br> | *putcû`rgâ > šorqa<br> | ||
Line 181: | Line 181: | ||
*uzi`xû > sju<br> | *uzi`xû > sju<br> | ||
*dxu`qhyla > žyl<br> | *dxu`qhyla > žyl<br> | ||
*thûco`nxa > | *thûco`nxa > thošša<br> | ||
*âlku`qi > alije<br> | *âlku`qi > alije<br> | ||
*upu`gû > ku<br> | *upu`gû > ku<br> | ||
Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
*râ`ltshatû > rassado<br> | *râ`ltshatû > rassado<br> | ||
*u`nilse > njeltsj<br> | *u`nilse > njeltsj<br> | ||
*tû`myru > | *tû`myru > thomyr<br> | ||
*obla`tche > sjfè<br> | *obla`tche > sjfè<br> | ||
*hinzu`kha > zqa<br> | *hinzu`kha > zqa<br> |
Revision as of 10:18, 21 June 2005
I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language which as yet has no name. In the meantime I'll call it "B-Noric", short for "Benct's Noric language".
History
(To be filled in)
Historical phonology
A Proto-Noric to B-Noric sound change applier program (not yet bug-free) is here.
Note that the description of the phonology below is not yet brought up-to-date. Wherever the output of the program differs from what the text makes you expect the program is more reliable!
Transcriptions preceded by * are the agreed-upon transcription. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are IPA.
- *CVLC tends to be realized as CLVC when the first C is a stop.
- Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the except where the preceding vowel is stressed:
*b > [β] | *p > [b] | *ph > [f] | *tc > [ʃ] | *ts > [s] | *s/*c > [h] |
*d > [ɾ] | *t > [d] | *th > [h] | *tch > [ʃ] | *tsh > [s] | *x > [j] |
*g > [ɣ] | *k > [g] | *kh > [x] | *dx > [ʒ] | *dz > [z] | *h > [ɦ] |
Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: *tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c and *x/*j. OTOH the phonemes *b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k and *th/*h do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.
- Consonants are palatalized before *i, *î, *e, *ê though not before *y. Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other. They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" *tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x, the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [ɣʲ] which merges with *j. These two sets will be called primary palatals and secondary palatals respectively.
- Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize. For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
- *a(:)j > æ(:)j
- *o(:)j > e(:)j
- *u(:)j > i(:)j
- *yj > ij
- All *VjC sequences become V:C, so there arises a new phoneme /æ?/ from *ajC.
- Unrounded vowels round/retract before *w. The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded. There arises no new phonemes, since *aw/*âw merge with *ow/*ôw.
- *a(:)w > o(:)w
- *e(:)w > o(:)w
- *i(:)w > u(:)w
- *yw > uw
- All *VwC sequences become V̄C, but there arises no new phoneme since *awC merges with *owC and *ôC.
As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.
- The [ɣ] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
- Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [β] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /mʲ/ merges with /w/.
- Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw]. Sporadically /j/ becomes /dʲ/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of j > gj > dʲ was general.
- Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
- Unstressed long vowels shorten.
- The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
- In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
- Main exceptions:
- All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no phonetic change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
- Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals. Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /sʲ/, and [ɦj] merges with /j/.
- After palatals /j/ drops.
- Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus C(C)SC becomes SC. This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
- A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [ɾ], except if that obstruent is [d] or [ʒ].
- Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /ʔ/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
- Complete assimilation of /ʔ/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /ʔ/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
- All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop. Exceptions:
- pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx remain.
- bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx.
- /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative. After an affricate this means loss of /h/. Non-affricate sibilants become geminate.
- A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
- Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
- Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
- Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by r/l/ɾ become voiceless aspirated stops.
- Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
- Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
- /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/. Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
- Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
- Initial resonants before stops are lost.
- Initial geminates are simplified.
- nl/ln/rl/lr/ɾl/lɾ > ll.
- mn > nn, nm > mm.
- nr/nɾ > rr.
- Vr > Vrr.
- Vɾ > Vr.
- The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed. There are some mergers:
- ɪ/e > e
- ɛ/æ/æː > ɛ
- a/a: > a
- ʊ/o > o
- ɔ > /ɔ/
- /ʔ/ and /ɦ/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs. High mid vowels become high after other vowels (Ve > Vi, Vo > Vu, except ee > ê and oo > ô giving Vi and Vi diphthongs. Va/Vɛ/Vɔ give new long vowels.
- Vh becomes V:
- Final vowel + simple nasal becomes nasalized vowel.
- Final geminates are simplified.
- Vv becomes Vw, with uv becoming û.
To be updated.
Examples
(Not yet debugged)
*kûdxî`lî > khozjelji
*khitî`do > khrjedò
*uro`phâ > fa
*tcunhû`nzâ > šondza
*duxi`jû > théju
*`âtcâza > ašaz
*`axurhe > èirj
*`dzîltshize > zjisj
*`diwdemo > thjunj
*thu`negî > tjèje
*`jarilda > jarjd
*wî`kajdxâ > khegedža
*aqhi`zî > sji
*uba`tsû > sfu
*`inwâtshô > jengasò
*`zûjara > zuir
*î`quthê > jusjè
*râ`rûsu > rarrú
*tci`dxâqî > šaije
*dîwû`zê > thjogozje
*â`rnery > arnjèr
*`othohi > òsj
*tsîse`jnu > sjesjèno
*sâdi`ba > sarjba
*tsi`dâlnô > thrallò
*`îbadu > jivr
*putcû`rgâ > šorqa
*`bidxîbu > vezjeu
*tchu`lnarha > šnar
*tcîlî`je > sjeljejè
*`isâzâ > jéaza
*bu`môqî > moije
*î`dûkhû > jeruxo
*`ôwîmâ > ojema
*`thedxûda > sjèžor
*uzi`xû > sju
*dxu`qhyla > žyl
*thûco`nxa > thošša
*âlku`qi > alije
*upu`gû > ku
*`tchopajthi > šòbètsj
*tshî`nôtcho > sjenoš
*îmbja`zê > jemvzje
*blo`khînu > zjiñ
*ûtsô`co > osô
*`ûrkharî > urje
*etlî`tu > jljedo
*`dxusûqhi > žósj
*`utelu > odjl
*âtshu`tû > asru
*râ`ltshatû > rassado
*u`nilse > njeltsj
*tû`myru > thomyr
*obla`tche > sjfè
*hinzu`kha > zqa
*`olmadzî > òldzje
*u`thapha > haph
*a`zômba > somb
*`rarcadô > rarrò
*`akumu > agv
BPJ 04:07, 21 Jun 2005 (PDT)