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I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language
I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language which as yet has no name.  In the meantime I'll call it "B-Noric", short for "[[User:Melroch|Benct's]] Noric language".
which as yet has no name.  In the meantime I'll call it
"B-Noric", short for "[[User:Melroch|Benct's]] Noric language".


Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed transcription]].
== History ==
Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are CXS.


* '''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is
(To be filled in)
a stop.


* Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and
== Historical phonology ==
a liquid as follows:
 
Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed-upon transcription]]. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are [[CXS]].
 
 
* '''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is a stop.
 
* Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the [[wikipedia:Verner's law|preceding vowel is stressed]]:


{| border=0 cellpadding=6
{| border=0 cellpadding=6
| '''*b''' > B || '''*p''' > b || '''*ph''' > f || '''*tc''' > S || '''*ts''' > s || '''*s'''/'''*c''' > h
| '''*b''' > B || '''*p''' > b || '''*ph''' > f || '''*tc''' > S || '''*ts''' > s || '''*s/*c''' > h
|-
|-
| '''*d''' > 4 || '''*t''' > d || '''*th''' > h || '''*tch''' > S || '''*tsh''' > s || '''*x''' > j
| '''*d''' > 4 || '''*t''' > d || '''*th''' > h || '''*tch''' > S || '''*tsh''' > s || '''*x''' > j
Line 22: Line 24:
|}
|}


Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position:
Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: '''*tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c''' and '''*x/*j'''. OTOH the phonemes '''*b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k''' and '''*th/*h''' do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.
'''*tc'''/'''*tch''', '''*ts'''/'''*tsh''', '''*dz'''/'''*z''', '''*th'''/'''*s'''/'''*c''' and '''*x'''/'''*j'''.
OTOH the phonemes '''*b'''/'''*p''', '''*d'''/'''*t''', '''*g'''/'''*k''' and '''*th'''/'''*h''' do not
actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.


* Obstruents are palatalized before '''*i, *î, *e, *ê''' though
* Consonants are palatalized before '''*i, *î, '''*e, *ê''' though not before '''*y'''.  Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other.  They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" '''*tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x''', the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with '''*j'''.  These two sets will be called ''primary palatals'' and ''secondary palatals'' respectively.
not before '''*y'''.  Palatalized dentals and velars merge with
each other.  They however remain distinct from the old
"palatals" '''*tc''', '''*tch''', '''*dx''', '''*c''', '''*x''', the latter perhaps
becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with '''*j'''.


* Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there
* Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually
merged with the unrounded front vowels.


: /a(:)j/ > [&(:)j]
: /a(:)j/ > [&(:)j]
Line 42: Line 35:
: /yj/ > /ij/
: /yj/ > /ij/


* All '''*VjC''' sequences become '''V:C''', so there arises a new
* All '''*VjC''' sequences become '''V:C''', so there arises a new phoneme /&:/ from '''*ajC'''.
phoneme /&:/ from '''*ajC'''.


* Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front
* Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises no new phonemes, since '''*aw/*âw''' merge with '''*ow/*ôw'''.
vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first,
but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises
no new phonemes, since '''*aw'''/*âw merge with '''*ow'''/*ôw.


: /a(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
: /a(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
Line 55: Line 44:
: /yw/ > /uw/
: /yw/ > /uw/


* All '''*VwC''' sequences become '''V:C''', but there arises no new
* All '''*VwC''' sequences become '''V:C''', but there arises no new phoneme since '''*awC''' merges with '''*owC''' and '''*ôC'''.
phoneme since '''*awC''' merges with '''*owC''' and '''*ôC'''.
 
As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.


As a result of these changes the new palatalized obstruents
* The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
become distinct phonemes.


* The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and
* Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
/i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.


* Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives.
* Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw].  Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of '''j > gj > d_j''' was general.
The old [B] allobhone of /b/ merges with the new /v/.


* Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
* Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
Line 71: Line 58:
* Unstressed long vowels shorten.
* Unstressed long vowels shorten.


* The consonant clusters that arose through tghe loss of unstressed
* The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation or loss.
 
(To be described later!)
** In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
: Main exceptions:
*** All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no ''phonetic'' change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
 
*** Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals.  Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
 
*** After primary palatals /j/ drops.
 
*** Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus '''C(C)SC''' becomes SC.  This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
 
*** A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
 
** Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
 
** Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
 
** All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop.  Exceptions:
*** '''pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx''' remain.
*** '''bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx'''.
 
** /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative.  After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
 
** A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.


* The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a
** Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There
 
are some mergers:
** Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
 
** Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by '''r/l''' become voiceless aspirated stops.
 
** Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
 
** Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
 
** /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/.  Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
 
** Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
 
** Initial resonants before stops are lost.
 
** Initial geminates are simplified.
 
** '''nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll'''.
 
** '''mn > nn''', '''nm > mm'''.
 
** '''nr/n4 > rr'''.
 
** '''Vr > Vrr'''.
 
** '''V4 > Vr'''.
 
* The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There are some mergers:


: I/e > e
: I/e > e
Line 85: Line 120:
: O > /O/
: O > /O/


* /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety
* /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs.  High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving '''Vi''' and '''Vi''' diphthongs.  '''Va/VE/VO''' give new long vowels.
of new diphthongs.  These are eventually realigned as
'''Vj''' and '''Vw''' diphthongs or new long vowels in the case of Va/VE.


* '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''
* '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''


* Vv becomes Vw, with /uv/ becoming /u:/.
* Final '''V''' + simple nasal becomes '''V~'''.
 
* Final geminates are simplified.
 
* '''Vv''' becomes '''Vw''', with /uv/ becoming /u:/.


More to come.  Unfortunately there is not much vocabulary
More to come.  Unfortunately there is not much vocabulary to demonstrate on yet!
to demonstrate on yet!


[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:31, 30 May 2005 (PDT)
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 03:01, 31 May 2005 (PDT)




[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:LLL]]

Revision as of 03:01, 31 May 2005

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

As a courtesy, if you are not the author of the article, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed.


I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language which as yet has no name. In the meantime I'll call it "B-Noric", short for "Benct's Noric language".

History

(To be filled in)

Historical phonology

Transcriptions preceded by * are the agreed-upon transcription. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are CXS.


  • *CVLC tends to be realized as CLVC when the first C is a stop.
*b > B *p > b *ph > f *tc > S *ts > s *s/*c > h
*d > 4 *t > d *th > h *tch > S *tsh > s *x > j
*g > G *k > g *kh > x *dx > Z *dz > z *h > h\

Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: *tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c and *x/*j. OTOH the phonemes *b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k and *th/*h do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.

  • Consonants are palatalized before *i, *î, *e, *ê though not before *y. Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other. They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" *tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x, the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with *j. These two sets will be called primary palatals and secondary palatals respectively.
  • Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize. For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
/a(:)j/ > [&(:)j]
/o(:)j/ > /e(:)j/
/u(:)j/ > /[i(:)j/
/yj/ > /ij/
  • All *VjC sequences become V:C, so there arises a new phoneme /&:/ from *ajC.
  • Unrounded vowels round/retract before *w. The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded. There arises no new phonemes, since *aw/*âw merge with *ow/*ôw.
/a(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
/e(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
/i(:)w/ > /u(:)w/
/yw/ > /uw/
  • All *VwC sequences become V:C, but there arises no new phoneme since *awC merges with *owC and *ôC.

As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.

  • The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
  • Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
  • Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw]. Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of j > gj > d_j was general.
  • Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
  • Unstressed long vowels shorten.
  • The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
    • In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
Main exceptions:
      • All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no phonetic change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
      • Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals. Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
      • After primary palatals /j/ drops.
      • Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus C(C)SC becomes SC. This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
      • A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
    • Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
    • Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
    • All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop. Exceptions:
      • pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx remain.
      • bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx.
    • /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative. After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
    • A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
    • Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
    • Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
    • Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by r/l become voiceless aspirated stops.
    • Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
    • Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
    • /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/. Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
    • Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
    • Initial resonants before stops are lost.
    • Initial geminates are simplified.
    • nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll.
    • mn > nn, nm > mm.
    • nr/n4 > rr.
    • Vr > Vrr.
    • V4 > Vr.
  • The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed. There are some mergers:
I/e > e
E/&/&: > E
a/a: > a
U/o > o
O > /O/
  • /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs. High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving Vi and Vi diphthongs. Va/VE/VO give new long vowels.
  • Vh becomes V:
  • Final V + simple nasal becomes V~.
  • Final geminates are simplified.
  • Vv becomes Vw, with /uv/ becoming /u:/.

More to come. Unfortunately there is not much vocabulary to demonstrate on yet!

BPJ 03:01, 31 May 2005 (PDT)

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