Velyan: Difference between revisions

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(Expanded orthographic table)
(Added voiced plosives)
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Labialised Nasal || || {{IPA|mʷ}} || || || || {{IPA|nʷ}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɲʷ}} || nʷ  
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Labialised Nasal || || {{IPA|mʷ}} || || || || {{IPA|nʷ}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɲʷ}} || nʷ  
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} ||  || || || || {{IPA|t}} || ||  || || || || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}} || || q ||  
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} ({{IPA|b}}) ||  || || || || {{IPA|t}} ({{IPA|d}}) || ||  || || || || {{IPA|c}} ({{IPA|ɟ}}) || {{IPA|k}} ({{IPA|g}}) || || {{IPA|q}} ({{IPA|ɠ}}) ||  
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Aspirated Plosive || {{IPA|pʰ || || || || || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|kʰ || || {{IPA|qʰ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Aspirated Plosive || {{IPA|pʰ}} ({{IPA|bʰ}}) || || || || || {{IPA|tʰ}} ({{IPA|dʰ}}) || || || || || || || {{IPA|kʰ}} ({{IPA|gʰ}}) || || {{IPA|qʰ}} ({{IPA|ɠʰ}})
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | Palatalised Plosive || {{IPA|pʲ || || || || || {{IPA|tʲ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|kʲ}} || || {{IPA|qʲ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | Palatalised Plosive || {{IPA|pʲ}} ({{IPA|bʲ}}) || || || || || {{IPA|tʲ}} ({{IPA|dʲ}}) || || || || || || || {{IPA|kʲ}} ({{IPA|gʲ}}) || || ({{IPA|qʲ}}) ({{IPA|ɠʲ}})
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | Labialised Plosive || {{IPA|pʷ}} || || || || || {{IPA|tʷ}} || || || || || || {{IPA|cʷ}} || {{IPA|kʷ}} || || {{IPA|qʷ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | Labialised Plosive || {{IPA|pʷ}} ({{IPA|bʷ}}) || || || || || {{IPA|tʷ}} ({{IPA|dʷ}}) || || || || || || {{IPA|cʷ}} ({{IPA|ɟʷ}}) || {{IPA|kʷ}} ({{IPA|gʷ}}) || || {{IPA|qʷ}} ({{IPA|ɠʷ}})
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || || ||  || {{IPA|s}} || ({{IPA|ʃ}}) || || || || || ({{IPA|x}}) || {{IPA|h}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || || ||  || {{IPA|s}} ({{IPA|z}}) || ({{IPA|ʃ}}) ({{IPA|ʒ}}) || || || || || ({{IPA|x}}) || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Palatalised Fricative || || || || || || {{IPA|sʲ}} || {{IPA|ʃʲ}} || || || || || ({{IPA|xʲ}}) || ({{IPA|hʲ}})
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Palatalised Fricative || || || || || || {{IPA|sʲ}} ({{IPA|zʲ}}) || {{IPA|ʃʲ}} ({{IPA|ʒʲ}}) || || || || || ({{IPA|xʲ}}) || ({{IPA|hʲ}})
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Labialised Fricative || || || || || || {{IPA|sʷ}} || {{IPA|ʃʷ}} || || || || || ({{IPA|xʲ}}) || ({{IPA|hʷ}})
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Labialised Fricative || || || || || || {{IPA|sʷ}} ({{IPA|zʷ}}) || {{IPA|ʃʷ}} ({{IPA|ʒʷ}}) || || || || || ({{IPA|xʲ}}) || ({{IPA|hʷ}})
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximant || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|ʍ}} || || || {{IPA|ð}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximant || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|ʍ}} || || || {{IPA|ð}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
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===Vowel harmony===
===Vowel harmony===
===Consonant Gradation===
The phenomenon of ''consonant gradation'' arises due to a restriction in Velyan words, that prohibits a "strong" syllable from ending in a consonant. A '''strong syllable''' is a syllable that begins with a consonant and is preceded by another ending in (at least) one consonant. When this happens, the consonant or cluster at the beginning of the final syllable undergoes '''lenition''' or softening (although it can be historically explained as a process of '''fortition''' or hardening).
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Below is a table of the IPA sounds of Velyan, with transcription.
Below is a table of the IPA sounds of Velyan, with transcription.


{|
{|
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|-
|-
|{{IPA|æ}}||ä
|{{IPA|æ}}||ä
|-
|{{IPA|b}}||b
|-
|-
|{{IPA|c}}||c
|{{IPA|c}}||c
|-
|{{IPA|d}}||d
|-
|-
|{{IPA|e}}||e
|{{IPA|e}}||e
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|{{IPA|ɛ}}||ɛ
|{{IPA|ɛ}}||ɛ
|-
|-
|{{IPA|h}}||h
|{{IPA|g}}||g
|-
|{{IPA|ɡ}}||ɠ
|-
|{{IPA|h}}||ḣ
|-
|-
|{{IPA|i}}||i
|{{IPA|i}}||i
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|-
|-
|{{IPA|y}}||ÿ
|{{IPA|y}}||ÿ
|-
|{{IPA|z}}||z
|-
|{{IPA|ʒ}}||ž
|}
|}


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===Marking Aspiration, Labialisation, and Palatalisation===
===Marking Aspiration, Labialisation, and Palatalisation===
*Palatalisation is marked by writing a '''y''' (without a diaeresis) after the letter, except at the end of a word, when it is marked by writing '.
*Palatalisation is marked by writing a '''y''' (without a diaeresis) after the letter, except at the end of a word or before another consonant or '''ÿ''', when it is marked by writing '.
*Labialisation is marked by writing
*Labialisation is marked by writing '''ʍ''' after the letter.
*Aspiration is marked by writing '''h''' (without a dot) after the letter.

Revision as of 15:40, 7 July 2007

Velyan is one of the two main classical languages of the continent Pellargos, on the planet Máa. Máa is an alternate Earth planet.

Phonology

Vowels

There are 12 vowels, each of which can be short or long.


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i y u
Near-high
High-mid e ø o
Mid ə
Low-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Near-low æ
Low a

Consonants


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ n
Palatalised Nasal mʲ nʲ ŋʲ
Labialised Nasal mʷ nʷ ɲʷ nʷ
Plosive p (b) t (d) c (ɟ) k (g) q (ɠ)
Aspirated Plosive pʰ (bʰ) tʰ (dʰ) kʰ (gʰ) qʰ (ɠʰ)
Palatalised Plosive pʲ (bʲ) tʲ (dʲ) kʲ (gʲ) (qʲ) (ɠʲ)
Labialised Plosive pʷ (bʷ) tʷ (dʷ) cʷ (ɟʷ) kʷ (gʷ) qʷ (ɠʷ)
Fricative s (z) (ʃ) (ʒ) (x) h
Palatalised Fricative sʲ (zʲ) ʃʲ (ʒʲ) (xʲ) (hʲ)
Labialised Fricative sʷ (zʷ) ʃʷ (ʒʷ) (xʲ) (hʷ)
Approximant ʋ ʍ ð j
Palatalised Approximant ʋʲ ðʲ
Labialised Approximant ðʷ
Trill rː
Aspirated Trill rːʰ
Palatalised Trill rːʲ
Labialised Trill rːʷ
Flap ɾ
Aspirated Flap ɾʰ
Palatalised Flap ɾʲ
Labialised Flap ɾʷ
Lateral Approximant l ʎ
Palatalised Lateral Approximant lʲ
Labialised Lateral Approximant lʷ

Vowel harmony

Consonant Gradation

The phenomenon of consonant gradation arises due to a restriction in Velyan words, that prohibits a "strong" syllable from ending in a consonant. A strong syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant and is preceded by another ending in (at least) one consonant. When this happens, the consonant or cluster at the beginning of the final syllable undergoes lenition or softening (although it can be historically explained as a process of fortition or hardening).

Orthography

Below is a table of the IPA sounds of Velyan, with transcription.

IPA Letter IPA Letter
a a
æ ä
b b
c c
d d
e e
ə ə
ɛ ɛ
g g
ɡ ɠ
h ḣ
i i
j j
k k
l l
ʎ ll
m m
n n
ɲ ñ
ƞ ƞ
o o
ɔ ɔ
œ œ
ø ö
p p
q q
r r
ɾː rr
s s
ʃ š
t t
u u
ʋ v
ʍ w
y ÿ
z z
ʒ ž

Notes:

  1. Long vowels and geminate consonants are written double, e.g. aa, bb, except for /lː/, which is written l·l to avoid confusion with /ʎ/, written ll.
  1. Palatalised, labialised, and aspirated consonants, and tone marks, are not shown. These are explained below.

Marking Aspiration, Labialisation, and Palatalisation

  • Palatalisation is marked by writing a y (without a diaeresis) after the letter, except at the end of a word or before another consonant or ÿ, when it is marked by writing '.
  • Labialisation is marked by writing ʍ after the letter.
  • Aspiration is marked by writing h (without a dot) after the letter.
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