Slevan grammar outline: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 00:01, 21 April 2009
Note: This version of Slvanjec is outdated especially as regards the development of the vowels and hence some endings too. It will be updated ASAP. BPJ 10:06, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns
Nouns in Slevan inflect for number and case, and adjectives in addition inflect for gender. There are three main declensions, with a few subtypes within each declension.
First declension nouns
First declension nouns are typically feminine in gender. Those few masculines of the first declension that existed in Latin have as a rule been superseded by other formations, and loanwords that belong to the first declension masculine in Latin are normally assigned to the second declension in Slevan.
The paradigms for the first declension are roza 'rose' and vilja 'daughter, girl':
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | roza | roze | vilja | vilje |
Genitive | roze | rozár | vilje | viljár |
Dative | roze | rozav | vilje | viljav |
Second declension nouns
The second declension in Slevan represents a merger of the second and fourth declension of Latin. The nouns belonging here are masculine, with a few exceptions like mán f. 'hand'. There is no neuter gender in Slevan, the neuter having merged into the masculine early on.
The paradigms for the second declension are mýr 'wall' and bánj 'bath':
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | mýr | myry | bánj | bani |
Genitive | myry | myrúr | bani | banjúr |
Dative | myru | myrov | banju | banjov |
The main subtypes of the second declension are represented by popol 'people' and lábelj 'lip'. Note the extra syllable in the nominative-accusative singular and the alternation between long and short vowel in the stem:
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | popol | póply | lábelj | labli |
Genitive | póply | póplúr | labli | labljúr |
Dative | póplu | póplov | lablju | labljov/lablv |
Two other subtypes are presented below. Áher 'field' is similar to the two previous types, while amec 'friend' together with other words which ended in -ICUS in Romance forms a subtype of their own:
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | áher | ahry | amec | ameczi |
Genitive | ahry | ahrúr | ameczi | amecúr |
Dative | ahru | ahrov | amecu | amecov |
Third declension nouns
The third declension includes both masculine and feminine nouns, without any difference in inflection based on gender. There are however, like in the second declension, a number of subtypes due to differences in the final sound of the stem. The most distinctive trait of the third declension is the lack of an ending (but lengthening of the vowel of the final syllable of the stem) in the genitive plural.
The two basic types of inflection in the third declension are represented by súlj 'sun' and pastúr 'shepherd':
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | súlj | sulje | pastúr | pasturje |
Genitive | suli | súlj | pasturi | pastúr |
Dative | suli | suljev | pasturi | pasturev |
Stems ending in cz and zs are represented by krcz 'cross' and ljézs 'law':
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | krcz | krcze | ljézs | ljezse |
Genitive | krczi | krcz | ljezsi | ljézs |
Dative | krczi | krczev | ljezsi | ljezsev |
Adjectives
Adjectives in Slevan are declined exactly like nouns of the corresponding declensions and types.
First and second declension adjectives
The first and largest class of adjectives follow the first declension in the feminine and the second declension in the masculine, e.g. nóv 'new':
Masculine | Feminine | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative, Accusative | nóv | novy | nova | nove |
Genitive | novy | novúr | nove | novár |
Dative | novu | novov | nove | novav |
Third declension adjectives
Third declension adjectives also are declined just like nouns. The adjectives hrúde 'big' and hrave 'stern' represent yet two other inflection types in this declension:
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative, Accusative | hrúdj | hrúdje | hráv | hravje |
Genitive | hrúdi | hrúdj | hravi | hráv |
Dative | hrúdi | hrudjev | hravi | hravev |
Adverbs
To be added
Pronouns
To be added
Verbs
Slevan verbs are traditionally, since the grammar of Pavel Mrác divided among three conjugations. In reality the four conjugations of Latin remain distinct in Slevan, but Mrác choose another categorization both in order to conform to the classification of other modern Romance languages, and because many Slevan verbs belong to conjugation 2.B. in the present but to 2.A. in the Simple past.
Slevan has three simple tenses — Present (prezsátj), Imperfect (japravéc) and Simple past (pasát) —, three compound tenses — Perfect (pravéc), Pluperfect (plypravéc) and Future (votýr) —, two moods &mdash Indicative (jadecatív) and Subjunctive (konjúcív) — and two voices — Active (acív) and Passive (pasív).
Simple tenses
The Indicative
1. conjugation | 2. conjugation A | 2. conjugation B | 3. conjugation | |
Infinitive | ||||
amár | taczér | rezser | dromír | |
'love' | 'be silent' | 'rule' | 'sleep' | |
Present | ||||
1. sg. | amu | taczu | rehu | dromesku |
2. | amaj | taczej | rezsi | dromeszi |
3. | ama | tacze | rezse | dromesze |
1. pl. | amám | taczém | rezsem | dromím |
2. | amátj | taczétj | rezsetj | dromítj |
3. | amú | tacza | rehú | dromeszú |
Imperative | ||||
Sg. | ám | tácz | rézs | dromesz |
Pl. | amátj | taczétj | rezsetj | dromítj |
Imperfect | ||||
1. sg. | amaba | taczeba | rezseba | dromljeba |
2. | amabaj | taczebaj | rezsebaj | dromljebaj |
3. | amaba | taczeba | rezseba | dromljeba |
1. sg. | amabám | taczebám | rezsebám | dromljebám |
2. | amabátj | taczebátj | rezsebátj | dromljebátj |
3. | amabú | taczebú | rezsebú | dromljebú |
Simple past | ||||
1. sg. | amaj | taký | rjeszi | dromí |
2. | amajsti | takysti | rjeszesti | dromísti |
3. | amaj | taký | rjész | dromí |
1. pl. | amajm | takým | rjeszem | dromím |
2. | amajszt | takýszt | rjeszeszt | dromíszt |
3. | amajerú | takyjerú | rjeszerú | dromijerú |
The subjunctive
TO BE ADDED
Conjunctions
To be added
Interjections
To be added
Syntax
To be added
BPJ 13:06, 27 Jul 2005 (PDT)