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''Also know as Djuun, Dyuun, Classical Djūn.
Intellectual Property of Samuel Martinez also known as "Mezzo" and "Sæm"''
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{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Classical Djūn'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Classical Djūn'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
||Djūn City-States
||Diūn City-States
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|valign="top"|Time Period:
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|-
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
||Proto-Djūn<br>
||Proto-Diūn<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Classical Djūn'''
&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Basic word order:
|valign="top"|Basic word order:
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|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|-
|-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Martinez]] || 2007-
||[[User:Mezzo|Sæm Hopping]] || February 8, 2007-
|}
|}




== '''Phonology''' ==
'''Plosive''' <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ /p b t d ʈ ɖ k g/ <p b t d th dh c,k g></nowiki>
'''Nasal''' <nowiki>/m n n`/ /m n ɳ/ <m n nh></nowiki>
'''Fricative''' <nowiki>/f v s z s` z` h/ /f v s z ʂ ʐ h/ <f,ph v,bh s z sh zh h></nowiki>
'''Affricate''' <nowiki>/ts tS/ /ts tʃ/ <cc,ċ ch></nowiki>
'''Approximant''' <nowiki>/r\ j/ /ɹ j/ <r j,y></nowiki>
'''Lateral Approximant''' <nowiki>/l/ /l/ <l></nowiki>
'''Close''' <nowiki>/i: u:/ /i: u:/ <ī,ȳ ū></nowiki>
'''Close Lax''' <nowiki>/I U/ /ɪ ʊ/ <i,y u></nowiki>
'''Close-Mid''' <nowiki>/e: o:/ /e: o:/ <ē ō></nowiki>
'''Mid Lax''' <nowiki>/@/ /ə/<ë></nowiki>
'''Open-Mid''' <nowiki>/E O/ /ɛ ɔ/ <e o></nowiki>
'''Open Lax''' <nowiki>/{:/ /æ:/ <ā></nowiki>
'''Open''' <nowiki>/A/ /ɑ/ <a></nowiki>
'''Diphthongs''' <nowiki>/OI aI aU/ <oi ai au></nowiki>
''*Some more conservative dialects retained'' <nowiki>/Y y/ <y ȳ></nowiki>


Classical Diūn was born on February 8, 2007 as Djun. Recently I have done some major tweaking on it. So I thought I'd just post the language in its most recent incarnation.


'''''Syllable Structure'''''


----


== I. Phonology: ==


CV(C)


Stress is on the first syllable


'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


'''''Allophones'''''


----
a. Plosives: <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ <p b t d th dh c g></nowiki>


b. Nasals: <nowiki>/m n n` [N]/ <m n nh n></nowiki>


c. Fricatives: <nowiki>/p\ B s z s` z` C/ <ph,f bh,v s z sh zh h></nowiki>


All plosives become aspirated at the end of a word
d. Affricates: <nowiki>/ts [tts] tS [ttS]/ <cc,ċ cc,ċ ch ch></nowiki>


[N] occurs at the end of words as an allophone of /n/
e. Lateral Approximants: <nowiki>/l/ <l></nowiki>


[J] occurs as an allophone of /n/ word medial
f. Approximants: <nowiki>/r\ j/ <r i></nowiki>


[dZ] is an allophone of /g/ that occures medially
g. Vowels: <nowiki>/a e i o u a: e: i: o: u: ai au oi/ <a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au oi></nowiki>


[T] is an allophone of /t/ between two vowels


[D] is an allophone of /d/ between two vowels
'''B. Allophones:'''




a. [N] occurs medially as an allophone of /n/


'''''Phonotactics'''''
b. [tts] occurs medially as an allophone of /ts/


----
c. [ttS] occurs medially as an allophone of /tS/


d. [dZ] occurs medially as an allophone of /g/


No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants


No consonant clusters involving nasals
'''C. Phonotactics'''


The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds


There can be no double vowels sounds. vowels are either between two consonants or are diphthongs.
a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants


Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives /f v s z h/.
b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds


/r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/  
c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.


retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word
d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/


== '''Morphology''' ==
e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word




Djūn nouns are inflected for case and whether the noun carrys the definite article or not
'''D. Syllable Structure'''




Djūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
a. CV(C)




the suffix -(ō)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.


== II.Grammar: ==


Example:


'''Vinidōm va cīdjī mū'''


Boy.PLUR-ERG 2PS.ABS have.3P future-particle
'''A. Nominal Morphology'''


''Boys will have you''


a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be
distinguished.


the infix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the ergative suffix and after the root.
b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.


c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.


The suffix (though not present in the above sentence) -(ō)n marks that the root carries the definite article. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked. So our above sentence could be translated as "The Boys will have you" or "Boys will have you" depending on context.
d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.


e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked or if not marking definiteness doesn't cause ambiguity.


The Djūn pronouns are as follows
f. Examples:


________ERG_____ABS_____REFLEXIVE


1PS_____Tja_____Toi_____Tjī
'''Vinidom toi vini nīven'''


1PP_____Nō______Bai_____Noi
(The) Boys want to kill me


2PS_____Vō______Va______Voi
''Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf''


2PP_____Djō_____No______Djoi


3PMS____Cī______Ga______Coi
'''Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen'''


3PFS____Hō______Cā______Hoi
I can not find the boys


3PP_____Pē______Nī______Poi
''I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf''


Imp_____Hit___hin___hoin


Imp-Pl__Hitid__hinid__hoinid
'''B. Verbal Morphology'''




''*Imp = Impersonal''
a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle


b.


Djūn Verbs are inflected for person and in one case (the participle) for tense. The Djūn tenses ( past and future) are expressed by separate morphemes. The Present does not need a separate morpheme unless forming the present participle.
infinitive: suffix root + -en


1st Person: root + -(h)o


infinitive: suffix '''-en'''
2nd Person: root + -(h)a


participle: '''-is''' + '''nōmen''' inflected for person
3rd Person: root + -(h)i


1st Person: '''-(h)ō'''
All-Persons Plural: root + -(h)e


2nd Person: '''-(h)a'''


3rd Person: '''-(h)ī'''
c. Examples:


All-Persons Plural: '''-(h)ē'''


'''No dinid va he cephe mu'''


The tense morphemes are as follows
We will seize your things(possessions)


'''mō:''' past morpheme
''We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle''


'''mī:''' present morpheme (only required in participle constructions)


'''mū:''' future morpheme
'''Tia ga hado cīvi mo''' (or) '''Tia ga hado mo cīvi'''


Tense morphemes follow the verb
I did that easily


''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle'' (or) ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy''


Examples


'''C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology'''


1PS: 1 Person Singular


ERG: Ergative
a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(h)et suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(h)ec suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(h)idh suffix.


ABS: Absolutive
b. Examples:


1P: 1st Person


inf: infinitive
'''Ci gahlo nomi'''


part: Participle
It/He is red


(past,present,future-)tnsmrph: tense morpheme
''It/he.erg red is.3P''




'''Tja ga hadō sōnen'''
'''Ci gahlohec nomi'''


1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-1P can-inf
It/He is (the) reddest


''I can do it''
''It/he.erg red.3rd is.3P''




'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mī'''
'''D. Syntax'''


1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph


''I am doing it''
a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.


 
b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order:
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mō'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I have done it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mū'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I will have done it''
 
 
'''Tja cā phīhō'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-1P
 
''I love her''
 
 
'''Hō toi phīhī'''
 
3PFS.ERG 1PS.ABS to-love-3P
 
''She loves me''
 
 
'''Vō cā phīha'''
 
2PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-2P
 
''You love her''
 
 
You probably get it now...
 
 
Adjectives take the ending -(h)(i)v. This is remnant of Proto-Djūn's fully inflected Adjectives
 
 
'''Toidën vōv pōv' nōmī'''
 
Man.def. medium.adj here.ABS to-be.3P
 
''The medium (sized) man is here''
 
== Syntax ==
 
Djūn has Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order by default.




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Subject-Object-Verb - indictive
Subject-Object-Verb - indictive


Verb-Object-Subject - question
Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive


Verb-Object-Subject - command, -īm suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected
Verb-Object-Subject - interrogative




Examples
Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive
 
 
'''Tja va phīhō.'''
 
''I love you''
 
 
'''Phīhō va tja?'''


''Do I love you''


Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected.


'''Cī phīhī va...'''


''should he love you...''
Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the verb which in uniflected. <Vis> is used between the condition and the event.




'''Phīhenīm va cī!'''
c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.


''Love him!''


d. Examples:




The Adjective follows the noun it modifies. The Adverb also follows the verb it modifies.
'''The Indicative:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīho'''''


I love my family


Djūn uses postpositions unlike English which uses prepositions. So "In the house" would be "the house in"
''I.erg family me.abs of love.1P''


Because there is no Genitive case in Djūn, Djūn uses the post position "hē" (of) to show possesion.


'''The Interrogative:''' '''''Phīha gīmos vo he?'''''


Example:
Do you love your family?


''Love.2P family you.erg of''


'''Zomūn toi hē'''


Wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of
'''The Subjunctive:''' '''''Tia phīho gīmos toi he, pe toi phīhe habhi mu.'''''


''My wolf''
Should I love my family, They will love me too.


''I.erg love.1P family me.abs of, they.erg me.abs love.plur also future particle''


'''Cī zomūn toi hē nōmī'''


3PMS.ERG wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of to-be-3P
'''The Imperative:''' '''''Phīhenim gīmos vo he!'''''


''It/He is my wolf''
Love your family!


''Love.inf.imp family you.erg of''


'''''The Restrictive Clause'''''


----
'''The Conditional:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīhenta vis pe toi phīhenta habhi mu.'''''


The Restrictive Clause is formed by using the word "vis" (that)
If I loved my family, they would love me too


''I.erg family me.abs of love.inf.con that they.erg me.abs love.inf.con also future-particle''


'''Toi vīnō vis Vō toi phīha'''


''I know that you love me''
e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb
or after the tense particle(if there is one).


f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions


The construction "I know you love me" is impossible unlike in English
g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.


h. Examples:


'''''Reflexiveness'''''


----
'''Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo'''


The [[Classical Djūn Lexicon]]
I wanted to hit him in the face


----
''I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle''

Revision as of 11:12, 9 September 2007

Classical Djūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 BNH - 200 NH(200 AD - 600 AD)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Sæm Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on February 8, 2007 as Djun. Recently I have done some major tweaking on it. So I thought I'd just post the language in its most recent incarnation.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:


a. Plosives: /p b t d t` d` k g/ <p b t d th dh c g>

b. Nasals: /m n n` [N]/ <m n nh n>

c. Fricatives: /p\ B s z s` z` C/ <ph,f bh,v s z sh zh h>

d. Affricates: /ts [tts] tS [ttS]/ <cc,ċ cc,ċ ch ch>

e. Lateral Approximants: /l/ <l>

f. Approximants: /r\ j/ <r i>

g. Vowels: /a e i o u a: e: i: o: u: ai au oi/ <a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au oi>


B. Allophones:


a. [N] occurs medially as an allophone of /n/

b. [tts] occurs medially as an allophone of /ts/

c. [ttS] occurs medially as an allophone of /tS/

d. [dZ] occurs medially as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)


II.Grammar:

A. Nominal Morphology


a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be distinguished.

b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.

c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.

d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.

e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked or if not marking definiteness doesn't cause ambiguity.

f. Examples:


Vinidom toi vini nīven

(The) Boys want to kill me

Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf


Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen

I can not find the boys

I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf


B. Verbal Morphology


a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle

b.

infinitive: suffix root + -en

1st Person: root + -(h)o

2nd Person: root + -(h)a

3rd Person: root + -(h)i

All-Persons Plural: root + -(h)e


c. Examples:


No dinid va he cephe mu

We will seize your things(possessions)

We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle


Tia ga hado cīvi mo (or) Tia ga hado mo cīvi

I did that easily

I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle (or) I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy


C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology


a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(h)et suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(h)ec suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(h)idh suffix.

b. Examples:


Ci gahlo nomi

It/He is red

It/he.erg red is.3P


Ci gahlohec nomi

It/He is (the) reddest

It/he.erg red.3rd is.3P


D. Syntax


a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.

b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order:


The Djūn verbal moods are:


Subject-Object-Verb - indictive


Verb-Object-Subject - interrogative


Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive


Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected.


Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the verb which in uniflected. <Vis> is used between the condition and the event.


c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.


d. Examples:


The Indicative: Tia gīmos toi he phīho

I love my family

I.erg family me.abs of love.1P


The Interrogative: Phīha gīmos vo he?

Do you love your family?

Love.2P family you.erg of


The Subjunctive: Tia phīho gīmos toi he, pe toi phīhe habhi mu.

Should I love my family, They will love me too.

I.erg love.1P family me.abs of, they.erg me.abs love.plur also future particle


The Imperative: Phīhenim gīmos vo he!

Love your family!

Love.inf.imp family you.erg of


The Conditional: Tia gīmos toi he phīhenta vis pe toi phīhenta habhi mu.

If I loved my family, they would love me too

I.erg family me.abs of love.inf.con that they.erg me.abs love.inf.con also future-particle


e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb or after the tense particle(if there is one).

f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions

g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.

h. Examples:


Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo

I wanted to hit him in the face

I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle