Shemspreg sounds

The phonological inventory of Shemspreg is very similar to that of PIE. As in PIE, segments are divided into three types: i) obstruents, ii) sonorants, and iii) vowels. These are introduced below with explanatory notes concerning the transcription conventions adopted here.

Obstruents are consonantal sounds which are made with a certain degree of constriction or blockage of airflow somewhere in the mouth. There are three series of obstruents in Shemspreg: voiceless stops (1a), voiced stops (1b), and fricatives (1c). There are five places of articulation: i) labial, ii) dental/alveolar, iii) palato-alveolar, iv) velar, and v) rounded velar. The obstruents are shown in the table below in the transcription which will be used throughout this grammatical sketch.

labial	dental	alveolar	palato-alveolar	velar	rounded velar
p		t	ch	k	kw
b		d	j	g	gw
f/v	th/dh	s	sh/zh	kh/gh	khw/ghw

The digraph <ch> represents a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, while <j> represents a voiced palato-alveolar affricate. Although these sounds are not technically stops, I include them in the stop category since they behave as stops in Shemspreg. <kw> and <gw> are voiceless and voiced rounded velar stops, respectively. and <dh> represent voiceless and voiced interdental fricatives; <sh> and <zh> are voiceless and voiced palato-alveolar fricatives; <kh> and <gh> are voiceless and voiced velar fricatives; and <khw> and <ghw> represent voiceless and voiced rounded velar fricatives.

Fricative voicing is predictable and will be discussed in the section on Common phonological processes.

Sonorants are consonants produced with a relatively open passage for airflow. The sonorants in Shemspreg include the nasals, liquids, and glides shown in (2).

Sonorants

m	n
	l r
		y	w

The transcription of the sonorants is fairly straightforward; <y> represents a palatal glide and <r> can be an apical trill (as in Spanish) or a retroflex approximant (as in English). All other symbols receive their IPA values. 2.1.3 Vowels There are five distinctive vowel qualities in Shemspreg. The vowels of Shemspreg are shown in (3). (3) Shemspreg vowels i u e o a Length is also a feature of Shemspreg vowels and is represented in the orthography by doubling; however, long vowels only occur in stressed syllables. The mid vowels [e] and [o] may be pronounced open when short and closed when long. Other vowels receive conventional IPA values. Shemspreg also contains a number of diphthongs consisting of a mid or low vowel followed by a glide (written in diphthongs as or ); (4) shows the diphthongs found in Shemspreg. (4) Shemspreg diphthongs eu oi au ai There are no long diphthongs in Shemspreg. 2.2 Phonological alternations There are three minor phonological processes at work in Shemspreg. The first is the alternation of voiced and voiceless fricatives, the second is the vocalization of rounding on word-final rounded velars, and the third is the simplification of diphthongs in open syllables. I discuss each in turn. 2.2.1 Fricative (de)voicing Fricatives other than [s] come in voiced/voiceless pairs which alternate depending on their position within a word. When a fricative occurs at the beginning or the end of a word, it is voiceless; elsewhere it is voiced. The examples in (5-7) show this alternation pattern. In (5), both ‘brother’ and ‘daughter’ begin with a voiceless fricative since they are word-initial. These fricatives are voiced in the compounds ‘brother-in-law’ and ‘sister-in-law’ since in those compounds they fall between vowels. (5) fraater ‘brother’ swekru-vraater ‘brother-in-law’ thugater ‘daughter’ swekru-dhugater ‘daughter-in-law’ The examples in (6) show words derived from alternate stem forms which are related to each other. When the palato-alveolar fricative is initial, it is voiceless [sh]; when it is medial, it is voiced [zh]. (6) shem ‘person, human’ dezhom ‘earth, ground’ shuu ‘fish’ dezhu ‘fish’ In (7) are examples of present and past tense verb forms. The past tense here is signalled by both affixation and by stem-shortening (this is explained in section 5.1.2). When the e- prefix or the reduplicative prefix is attached to the stem, the following fricative is voiced; otherwise, when the root-initial prefix is initial in the word, it is voiceless. (7) fendes ‘ties, is tying’ evindi ‘was tying’ thes ‘puts, is putting’ edhi ‘was putting’ sheres ‘encircles, is encircling’ ezhri ‘was encircling’ khaves ‘grasps, takes; is grasping, taking’ eghvi ‘was grasping, taking’ khwenes ‘hits, is hitting’ eghuni ‘was hitting’ 2.2.2 Vocalization of rounded velars When a stem-final rounded velar comes to stand immediately before a consonant, the rounding of the rounded velar is vocalized as a short [u], and the rounded velar consonant becomes a plain velar. This occurs mainly in the reduced grade of verbal stems (8). (8) khwenes ‘hits, is hitting’ eghuni ‘was hitting’ khweghuni ‘has hit’ 2.2.3 Simplification of Diphthongs There are a number of verbal roots which end in a diphthong [ei] or [ou]. When such a diphthong appears word-finally (as in the imperative), or when the syllable containing the diphthong is closed (e.g. by afixation of present tense -s or cliticization of =kwe ‘and’), the diphthong becomes a long vowel (9). (9) awee! au- ei away go:IMP ‘Go away!’ so khoos echwosom so khou -s echwo -s -om 3s:NOM pay.attention.to -PRES horse -PL -OBL ‘He watches after the horses.’ cf. so khowes echwosom so khou -es echwo -s -om 3s:NOM pay.attention.to -PRES horse -PL -OBL ‘He watches after the horses.’ 2.3 Prosody In this section, I briefly discuss syllable structure and stress patterns in Shemspreg. 2.3.1 Syllable structure Syllables in Shemspreg consist of a vowel optionally preceded by one or more consonants and optionally followed by one or more consonants. This can be summarized in the following formula, where C* means zero or more consonants. (10) C*VC* As can be seen in this formula, syllable structure in Shemspreg can be rather complex. Like other Indo-European languages, syllables in Shemspreg can contain clusters of consonants, but these clusters are limited by a few general principles. Clusters of two consonants occur frequently. If the first consonant of such a cluster is [s], it may be followed by any sonorant or any of the voiceless stops [p, t, k, kw]. If the first consonant of a two consonant cluster is not [s], it must be another obstruent and the second consonant must be a liquid or glide. The sequences [tl], [dl], [pw], and [bw] are not allowed in syllable initial position. A syllable may also begin with a cluster of three consonants, but the first consonant must be [s], the second consonant must be one of [p, t, k], and the third consonant must be [y, w, r, l]. The same restrictions which hold for two consonant clusters also hold for the consonants following [s] in three consonant clusters. Clusters may also occur at the end of a syllable. Generally, such a cluster will have two members the first of which will be a sonorant and the second of which will be an obstruent. There are a few cases where two obstruents close a syllable; these generally involve [s] (11). (11) deks ‘right’ moks ‘soon’ sweks ‘six’ aisk ‘clear, bright, shining’ osp ‘aspen’ 2.3.2 Stress Stressed syllables in Shemspreg are higher in pitch and louder than neighboring syllables. Words are stressed on the first syllable of the root. When the root contains no vowel (as is often the case with past tense verb forms), the stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding the root (12; the roots are underlined). (12) stáas ‘stands, is standing’ estái ‘was standing’ statái ‘stood’ némes ‘takes, is taking’ énmi ‘was taking’ nénmi ‘took’ In compounds, each element of the compound is stressed in accordance with the principles given above, with the initial constituent receiving primary stress and the secondary constituent receiving secondary stress (13). (13) swékru-vràater ‘brother-in-law’ shém-sprèg ‘human language’ There are other interesting phonological processes in Shemspreg, primarily involving the insertion or deletion of vowels, but these are all connected with noun and verb morphology and will be explained in those sections.

• Introduction to Shemspreg
• Shemspreg sounds
• Shemspreg nouns
• Shemspreg pronouns and other particles
• Shemspreg verbs
• Shemspreg adjectives
• Shemspreg sentences