User:Sectori/Compositions

Scandinavian-seeming conlang with IE-esque ablaut.

Phonology:
/p t k b d g/ < p t k b d g>
/l r\ w j/ <l r v j>
/f s T D h/ <f s þ ð h>
/m n/ <m n>
/tS dZ C j\ S/ <tj dj hj gj sj>
/a E i O u/ <a e i o u>
/a: E: i: O: u:/ <á é í ó ú>
/e e: o o: y y:/ <æ ǽ ø ǿ y ý>

Allophones:
n/N/_C[+velar]
Cj/C_j
g/G/_#

Syllable structure undefined, but I can tell you that traditional grammar creates syllable breaks before vowels.

There's a series of umlaut rules, just for fun:
i-umlaut
a > e
á > é
e > æ
é > ǽ
æ > i
ǽ > í
o > a
ó > á
ø > æ
ǿ > ǽ
u > y
ú > ý
y > i
ý > í

u-umlaut
a > o
á > ó
e > ø
é > ǿ
æ > ø
ǽ > ǿ
i > y
í > ý
o > ø
ó > ǿ
ø > u
ǿ > ú
y > u
ý > ú

Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter; and two numbers, singular and plural. Nouns are divided into several declension patterns. Nouns decline for two cases, nominative and oblique.

Masculine:
Nominative singular: -(-)
Nominative plural: -ar
Oblique singular: *-(-)
Oblique plural: -ann
yl/ylar (silver)
il/ylann

Feminine: Nominative singular: -a
Nominative plural: -or
Oblique singular: ^-(-)
Oblique plural: ^-um
ðura/ðuror (gold)
ður/ðurum

Neuter:
Nominative singular: -(-)
Nominative plural: -a
Oblique singular: -(-)
Oblique plural: -a
ylður/ylðura (electrum)
ylður/ylðura

• i-umlaut the final vowel of the stem
  

^u-umlaut the final vowel of the stem

Verbs inflect for the following: mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and tense (present, preterite), participle (present, past), and infinitive.

There are two loose classes of verbs, ablaut and non-ablaut. The infinitive of all non-ablaut verbs ends in -á. Ablaut verbs have infinitives ending variously in -á, *-í, or ^-ú.

a-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations.
Present indicative: -o-
Preterite indicative: -a-
Past participle: -ø-

e-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:
Present indicative: -a-
Preterite indicative: -e-
Past participle: -ø-

i-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:
Present indicative: -e-
Preterite indicative: -i-
Past participle: -ø-

o-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:
Present indicative: -a-
Preterite indicative: -o-
Past participle: -o-

u-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:
Present indicative: -y-
Preterite indicative: -i-
Past participle: -u-

The inflectional endings for ablaut verbs are:
Present indicative: (gjoltá, cut)
^-u (gjøltu)
-Vr (gjoltar)
-Vð (gjoltað)
-Vm (gjoltam)
-Vþ (gjoltaþ)
-Vn (gjoltan)

Where -V- is the ablaut stem vowel.

Preterite indicative:
-(-) (gjalt)
-t (gjaltt)
-(-) (gjalt)
^-um (gjoltum)
^-uþ (gjoltuþ)
^-un (gjoltun)

Present subjunctive:

• -V (gjalta)
  
• -Vr (gjaltar)
  
• -Vð (gjaltað)
  
• -Vm (gjaltam)
  
• -Vþ (gjaltaþ)
  
• -Vn (gjaltan)

Preterite subjunctive:
^-(-) (gjolt)
^-t (gjoltt)
^-(-) (gjolt)
^-um (gjoltum)
^-uð (gjoltuþ)
^-un (gjoltun)

Imperative (second person only)
-(-) (gjolt!)
-Vþ (gjoltaþ!)

Present participle: -Vnd (gjoltand)
Past participle: -t- (gjoltt-)

The past participle inflects as an adjective.

Adjectives inflect as nouns, with the added bonus that they must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. So, gjoltt- (cut), declines as follows:

gjoltt/gjolttar
gjøltt/gjolttann

gjoltta/gjolttor
gjøltt/gjølttum

gjøltt/gjoltta
gjøltt/gjoltta