Cironean: Difference between revisions

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:Consonantal phonemes, as observed above, are principally Latinate.  The list below is the sum total of native consonants recognized in Cironean.
:Consonantal phonemes, as observed above, are principally Latinate.  The list below is the sum total of native consonants recognized in Cironean.


C, CH, D, F, G, H, J, L, M, N, P, Q, U, R, S, SH, T, TH, V, W, X, Y, Z  
{|
| C
| CH
| D
| F
| G
| H
| J
| L
| M
| N
| P
| Q
|-
| U
| R
| S
| SH
| T
| TH
| V
| W
| X
| Y
| Z  
|}


A few notes:
A few notes:

Revision as of 10:55, 4 December 2006

Cironean (natively: rethró athenam Cirónei, "language of the men of Cirone") is a language in the Redhrácic family of tongues spoken by the Homo antiquus Cironeans.

Phonology

Roman-alphabet transliteration reveals a principally Indo-European-equivalency in pronunciation, with an equivalency bias toward Latinate and Romance forms with a few deviations.

Phonemes

Consonants

Consonantal phonemes, as observed above, are principally Latinate. The list below is the sum total of native consonants recognized in Cironean.
C CH D F G H J L M N P Q
U R S SH T TH V W X Y Z

A few notes:

  • The C phoneme is not orthographically bifurcated as in modern Latin/Latinate languages or in English. It is universally an aspirated, voiceless velar plosive. It's voiced brother, G, in similar fashion always expressed a voiced velar plosive.
  • CH is never gutteral as the Germanic form. It never represents x. It always represents the initial phoneme as expressed in words such as the English cherry.
  • J is not, as in Latin, a form evolved to express a consonantal I-form. it invariably expresses the phoneme dʒ.
  • SH is always voiceless; also TH, which under no circumstances represents ð. That phoneme, while present in parallel Redhrácic family members, dropped out of use in Cironean.
  • X universally expresses a "KS" phoneme.
  • Z is always a voiced alveolar fricative.

Vowels

The vowel phonemes in Cironean are analogical with Latinate vowels, with a vanishingly slight degree of variation. They are laid out below.

  • a – Latin pater
  • o – Latin possum
  • ó – Latin laudo
  • u – Latin puto
  • e – Latin moneo
  • i – Latin fio
  • ai (archaic) – approx. to Latin caelum
  • oi – English point
  • ou – English pout

Syllabic Structure

Forbidden Singular Terminal Consonants: C, F, H, J, QU, V, W, Y, and Z

Initial Clusters: B and C - can form clusters with L and R; D, G, P, and T - can form clusters with R; S - can form clusters with C and T

Stress Rules: Stress rules in Cironean are similar to those in Redhrácic, from which hypothetical language it is supposed to descend. Words of a single syllable are unaccented, while other words stress the antepenult. Those words of six syllables or more stress the second syllable as well as the antepenult.


Grammar

Nouns

1st Declension: “Feminine” Nouns Ending in –Ó

Model: Rethró, language

Case Singular Plural
Nominative Rethró Rethróth
Genitive Rethroi Rethroith
Predicative Rethrou Rethrouth
Prepositive Rethroe Rethroeth


2nd Declension: “Masculine” Nouns Ending in –E

Model: Alve, house

Case Singular Plural
Nominative Alve Alven
Genitive Alvei Alvein
Predicative Alveu Alveun
Prepositive Alveó Alveón

3rd Declension: “Neuter” Nouns Ending in –U

Model: Oithu, mountain

Case Singular Plural
Nominative Oithu Oithus
Genitive Oithui Oithuis
Predicative Oithue Oithues
Prepositive Oithua Oithuas

4th Declension: “Mixed” Nouns Ending in Consonants

Model: Athen, man

Case Singular Plural
Nominative Athen Atheni
Genitive Athena Athenam
Predicative Athenu Athenum
Prepositive Athene Athenem

Adjectives

There are two forms of adjectives. The first form takes endings from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, taking these endings according to the gender, number, and case of the substantive that is being modified. This holds true regardless of the declension of the noun, i.e., a type-1 adjective can modify a 4th Declension masculine noun by taking the 2nd Declension forms of the noun in question, e.g. Athen thane, a tall man. Similarly, the second type takes the endings of the 4th Declension, modifying a noun with these endings regardless of the form of the noun itself.

Comparison of Adjectives: The four degrees of comparison are the positive, comparative, α-superlative, and β-superlative. They are indicated by affixing the following particles to the adjective:

Pos: — Comp: af(a)- α-sup: ef(e)- β-sup: of(o)-


Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

1st Person Pronoun
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Shó Shol
Genitive Shoe Shoel
Predicative Shou Shoül
Prepositive Shoi Shoïl


2nd Person Pronoun
Case Singular Plural
Nominative The Thech
Genitive Thea Theach
Predicative Theó Theóch
Prepositive Theu Theuch


3rd Person Pronoun
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Eó, Ie, Eu Eóth, Ien, Eus
Genitive Eoi, Iei, Eue Eoith, Iein, Eues
Predicative Eou, Ieu, Eui Eouth, Ieun, Euis
Prepositive Eoe, Ieó, Eua Eoeth, Ieón, Euas

Other Pronouns

  • Proximate (This, These) ruó, rue, raü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
  • Distant (That, Those) eruó, erue, eraü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
  • Relative Pronouns (Who, Which) tuó, tue, taü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
  • Interrogative Pronouns (Who, What, Which [adj]) duó, due, daü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
  • Intensive Pronouns (Emphatics) cuó, cue, caü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
  • Reflexive Pronouns (-self) suó, sue, saü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

Verbs

The 1st Conjugation: Roots Ending in –A, -O/-Ó, or –U + Consonant

Model/Imperative: Rath, See

Principal Forms: Rath (Imperative); Rathran (Verbal Noun); Rathion (Analytic)

Tense 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl
Present (S) Root + ash Analytic + the Analytic + eó Root + oish Analytic + thech Analytic + eóth
Past (S) Root + il + ash Analytic + il + the Analytic + il + eó Root + il + oish Analytic + il + thech Analytic + il + eóth
Future (S) Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN
Perfect (D) Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN
Pluperfect Root + ril + ash Analytic + ril + the Analytic + ril + eó Root + ril + oish Analytic + ril + thech Analytic + ril + eóth
Future (P) Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -dó- after Root and before any other phonemes

The 2nd Conjugation: Roots Ending in –E, -I, -OI, -OU + Consonant

Model/Imperative: Urgin, do

Principal Forms: Urigin (Imperative); Urginach (Verbal Noun); Urginait (Analytic)

Tense 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl
Present (S) Root + esh Analytic + the Analytic + eó Root + eshol Analytic + thech Analytic + eóth
Past (S) Root + oi + esh Analytic + oi + the Analytic + oi + eó Root + oi + eshol Analytic + oi + thech Analytic + oi + eóth
Future (S) Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN
Perfect (D) Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN
Pluperfect Root + coi + esh Analytic + coi + the Analytic + coi + eó Root + coi + eshol Analytic + coi + thech Analytic + coi + eóth
Future (P) Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -fi- after the Root and before any other phonemes

The 3rd Conjugation: Roots Ending in Any Vowel

Model: Vevu, go

Principal Forms: Vevu (Imperative); Vevuchou (Verbal Noun); Vevun (Analytic)

Tense 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl
Present (S) Root + nosh Analytic + the Analytic + eó Root + noshol Analytic + thech Analytic + eóth
Past (S) Root + nin + osh Analytic + nin + the Analytic + nin + eó Root + nin + oshol Analytic + nin + thech Analytic + nin + eóth
Future (S) Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN
Perfect (D) Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN
Pluperfect Root + rin + osh Analytic + rin + the Analytic + rin + eó Root + rin + oshol Analytic + rin + thech Analytic + rin + eóth
Future (P) Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -na- after the Root and before any other phonemes

Adverbs

Adverbs precede and modify verbs in a way similar to that adjectives use to modify substantives. There is no gender, number, or case to match, and the tense, person, mood, and voice are not mimicked. Comparison of adverbs utilizes the same prefixes as the comparison of adjectives.


Appendix I: Numerals

Numeral Cironean
0 Nachen
1 inó
2 wothó
3 cetó
4 nouró
5 linó
6 thequó
7 síbó
8 foió
9 ató
10 quenó
11 inquenó
12 woquenó
13 cequenó
14 nouquenó
15 linquenó
16 thequenó
17 shiquenó
18 foiquenó
19 atquenó
20 quewodó
21 inquewodó
30 quecetó
40 quenouró
50 quelinó
60 quethequó
70 queshibó
80 quefoió
90 queató
100 quequenó; unejó
200 wodó quequenori; wodunejó
1,000 quenó quequenori; quenó unejori; yorathó
2,000 wodó quenori quequenori; wodó quenori unejori; woyorathó

Appendix II: The Copulae

Nanzun: The Copula of Temporary Qualities

Principal Parts: Nanzish; Nanzun; Nanzó, -ze, -zu

Passive Particle: N/A Mood Markers: Demonstrative: -z- Imperative: -za- Subjunctive: -zó-

Tense 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl
Present -ish -ith -i -ishol -itheg -in
Past -ash -ath -a -ashol -atheg -an
Future -esh -eth -e -eshol -etheg -en
Present Perfect -ishu -ithu -iu -ishul -ithug -ium
Past Perfect -ashu -athu -aü -ashul -athug -aüm
Future Perfect -eshu -ethu -eu -eshul -ethug -eüm

Nonquon: The Copula of Permanent Qualities

Principal Parts: Nonquish; Nonquon; Nonquó, -que, -quu

Passive Particle: N/A Mood Markers: Demonstrative: -qu- Imperative: -qua- Subjunctive: -quo-

Tense: 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl
Present -ish -ith -i -ishol -itheg -in
Past -ash -ath -a -ashol -atheg -an
Future -esh -eth -e -eshol -etheg -en
Present Perfect -ishu -ithu -iu -ishul -ithug -ium
Past Perfect -ashu -athu -aü -ashul -athug -aüm
Future Perfect -eshu -ethu -eu -eshul -ethug -eum
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