Parthavan language: Difference between revisions
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
Personal pronouns in Parthavan are explained in the following table. | Personal pronouns in Parthavan are explained in the following table. | ||
==Noun suffixes== | |||
Case in Parthavan is marked by attaching suffixes to the end of words. These suffixes must harmonise in accordance with the vowel harmony rules stated above. | Case in Parthavan is marked by attaching suffixes to the end of words. These suffixes must harmonise in accordance with the vowel harmony rules stated above. | ||
===The Plural=== | |||
Plural suffixes go directly after the noun. They cannot be added to indefinite nouns, only definite ones. They can change depending on the noun itself: | Plural suffixes go directly after the noun. They cannot be added to indefinite nouns, only definite ones. They can change depending on the noun itself: | ||
: '''berc / barc''' in most cases | : '''berc / barc''' in most cases | ||
| Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
: '''ibiğ''' for nouns ending in ''t, d, k, g, q'' | : '''ibiğ''' for nouns ending in ''t, d, k, g, q'' | ||
===The absolutive=== | |||
The absolutive case carries no suffix - it is the plain noun as found in the lexicon. | The absolutive case carries no suffix - it is the plain noun as found in the lexicon. | ||
| Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
: ''I like horses'' | : ''I like horses'' | ||
===Definite accusative=== | |||
This is used for definite direct objects. The suffix is '''i''' or '''yi''' after vowels. | This is used for definite direct objects. The suffix is '''i''' or '''yi''' after vowels. | ||
| Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
: ''I like the horses'' | : ''I like the horses'' | ||
===Genetive=== | |||
This is used to indicate the possessor. It has a variable suffix: | This is used to indicate the possessor. It has a variable suffix: | ||
: '''ying''' for words ending in vowels | : '''ying''' for words ending in vowels | ||
| Line 105: | Line 105: | ||
: '''u / ü''' for words ending in ''n'' | : '''u / ü''' for words ending in ''n'' | ||
===Dative=== | |||
This case indicates ''to where'' something was going. The suffix for the dative case is as follows: | This case indicates ''to where'' something was going. The suffix for the dative case is as follows: | ||
: ''' | : '''uud / üüd''' after consonants | ||
: ''' | : '''tsuud / tsüüd''' after vowels, l, and n | ||
Note: any final ''c''s change to ''ts'' when attaching this suffix | |||
===Ablative=== | |||
The suffix for this case is '''aca / ece'''. | The suffix for this case is '''aca / ece'''. | ||
The primary function for this case is indicating ''from where'' - i.e, the place away from which something is going. However, it is also used in comparisons, and so here it indicates ''than''; to indicate what something is made of; and as the agent in passive sentences. | The primary function for this case is indicating ''from where'' - i.e, the place away from which something is going. However, it is also used in comparisons, and so here it indicates ''than''; to indicate what something is made of; and as the agent in passive sentences. | ||
===Locative=== | |||
This indicates where something is. Its suffixes are: | This indicates where something is. Its suffixes are: | ||
: '''tur / tür''' after all unvoiced consonants | : '''tur / tür''' after all unvoiced consonants | ||
: '''dur / dür''' after all voiced consonants | : '''dur / dür''' after all voiced consonants | ||
===Comitative=== | |||
This is simply translated as ''with''. It is marked by '''eli / ali'''. | This is simply translated as ''with''. It is marked by '''eli / ali'''. | ||
Revision as of 10:13, 23 November 2006
| Parthavun erciğ | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /parθaβ ɛrtʃɪɣ |
| Timeline and Universe: | Alamanti |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | Parthava, Parizhia, Seleyizhe, Dorcindi |
| Total speakers: | 40 million |
| Writing system: | Parthavan script |
| Genealogy: | Ayartaic
Central Aghantian ParthavanParthavan |
| Typology | |
| Morphological type: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
| Basic word order: | SOV |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Nadeem Ahmad |
| Created: | September 2006 |
Parthavan is a language that is spoken throughout much of central Aghantia. It is very closely related to Armavi
Distribution
Parthavan is spoken mainly in the central Aghantian countries. There is also an area in Parizhia where it is spoken.
Its largest concentration of speakers is in Parthava.
Phonology
Vowels
Parthavan has 7 vowels, which are arranged into three classes for vowel harmony:
| Front | e (IPA: ɛ) | ö (IPA: œ) | ü (IPA: ʏ) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Back | a (IPA: a) | o (IPA: o) | u (IPA: u) |
| Neutral | i (IPA: ɪ) |
A word can only contain either front vowels or back vowels (and the neutral vowel i). For words with only i, the word is regarded as front.
If a word contains both back and front vowels (in some foreign words), vowel harmony acts on with the last vowel, that is to say that when adding suffixes, if the word is mixed, look at the last vowel as an indicator.
Consonants
Parthavan also has the following consonants:
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
| Nasal | m (m) | n (n) | ŋ (n) | |||||||||||||
| Plosive | p (p) | b (b) | t (t) | d (d) | k (k) | g (g) | q (q) | |||||||||
| Fricative | θ (ť) | s (s) | z (z) | ʃ (ş) | ʒ (ž) | x (x) | ɣ (ğ) | |||||||||
| Affricate | ts (ts) | |||||||||||||||
| Approximants | β̞ (v) | j (y) | ||||||||||||||
| Trill | r (r) | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ɬ (l) | |||||||||||||||
As well as this, most consonants have labialised and palatised forms. These are shown, where appropriate, by y and w following the consonant.
Counting
Parthavan has a base-10 number system. Each number from 0 to 9 has initial, medial, final, isolated, and multiplier forms, which are used to make bigger numbers.
Pronouns
Unlike Armavi, pronouns in Parthavan are not completely regular - i.e, to change their case, it is not a case of simple agglutination.
Personal pronouns in Parthavan are explained in the following table.
Noun suffixes
Case in Parthavan is marked by attaching suffixes to the end of words. These suffixes must harmonise in accordance with the vowel harmony rules stated above.
The Plural
Plural suffixes go directly after the noun. They cannot be added to indefinite nouns, only definite ones. They can change depending on the noun itself:
- berc / barc in most cases
- bey / bay for nouns ending in c, r, t, s, z, ş, l, i or any front vowel
- ibiğ for nouns ending in t, d, k, g, q
The absolutive
The absolutive case carries no suffix - it is the plain noun as found in the lexicon.
The absolutive is most commonly used as a nominative. However, it also serves as an indefinite accusative (of any type):
Examples:
- Bi adağ xevera ui
- I like horses
Definite accusative
This is used for definite direct objects. The suffix is i or yi after vowels.
Examples:
- Bi adağbarci xevera ui
- I like the horses
Genetive
This is used to indicate the possessor. It has a variable suffix:
- ying for words ending in vowels
- un / ün in most cases
- an / en for words whose last vowel is either a or e
- u / ü for words ending in n
Dative
This case indicates to where something was going. The suffix for the dative case is as follows:
- uud / üüd after consonants
- tsuud / tsüüd after vowels, l, and n
Note: any final cs change to ts when attaching this suffix
Ablative
The suffix for this case is aca / ece.
The primary function for this case is indicating from where - i.e, the place away from which something is going. However, it is also used in comparisons, and so here it indicates than; to indicate what something is made of; and as the agent in passive sentences.
Locative
This indicates where something is. Its suffixes are:
- tur / tür after all unvoiced consonants
- dur / dür after all voiced consonants
Comitative
This is simply translated as with. It is marked by eli / ali.
Instrumental
This indicates the instrument used to perform an action. Its suffix is le / la.
