Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(Phoneme table revised.) |
(Phoneme table revised.) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<font size = 4> | <font size = 4> | ||
==Table of Phonemes== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;" | ||
! IPA | ! IPA | ||
| Line 73: | Line 75: | ||
| ن | | ن | ||
| گ | | گ | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ٮ}}<br>1 | ||
| ﺏ | | ﺏ | ||
| ٺ | | ٺ | ||
| ٻ | | ٻ | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ط}}<br>2 | ||
| ظ | | ظ | ||
| د | | د | ||
| ذ | | ذ | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ک}}<br>3 | ||
| ݢ | | ݢ | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ٯ}}<br>4 | ||
| ڧ | | ڧ | ||
| ع | | ع | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ص}}<br>5 | ||
| ض | | ض | ||
| ڝ | | ڝ | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ح}}<br>6 | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|و}}<br>7 | ||
| ي | | ي | ||
| ر | | ر | ||
| {{Color| | | {{Color|blue|ل}}<br>8 | ||
| ݪ | | ݪ | ||
| ڄ | | ڄ | ||
| Line 104: | Line 106: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Name | ! Name | ||
| | | Mi<br>مى | ||
| | | Ne<br>نه | ||
| | | Ŋo<br>گۉ | ||
| | | Pi<br>ٮى | ||
| | | Bi<br>بى | ||
| | | Ṗi<br>ٺى | ||
| | | Ḃi<br>ٻى | ||
| | | Te<br>طه | ||
| | | De<br>ظه | ||
| | | Ṫe<br>ده | ||
| | | Ḋe<br>ذه | ||
| | | Ko<br>کۉ | ||
| | | Go<br>ݢۉ | ||
| | | Ḳo<br>ٯۉ | ||
| | | Ġo<br>ڧۉ | ||
| | | ʻu<br>عۆ | ||
| | | Sa<br>صا | ||
| | | Za<br>ضا | ||
| | | Ša<br>ڝا | ||
| | | Hu<br>حۆ | ||
| | | Wi<br>وى | ||
| | | Yo<br>ىۉ | ||
| | | Ra<br>را | ||
| | | Le<br>له | ||
| | | Ḷe<br>ݪه | ||
| | | Śa<br>ڄا | ||
| i<br>ى | | i<br>ى | ||
| e<br>ه | | e<br>ه | ||
| Line 139: | Line 141: | ||
*'''Notes:''' | *'''Notes:''' | ||
*The consonants in {{Color| | *The consonants in {{Color|blue|blue}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 17 ٮو. | ||
*<ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'' | *<ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'' صٙ, sė. | ||
| Line 161: | Line 164: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ŋ /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 170: | Line 173: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red| | | k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> | ||
| ʻ /ʔ/ ع | | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 185: | Line 188: | ||
| f /ɸ/ ٺ | | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ||
| ṭ /θ/ د | | ṭ /θ/ د | ||
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red| | | s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> | ||
| x /ʃ/ | | x /ʃ/ ڝ <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> | ||
| ḳ /χ/ ٯ | | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | ||
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red| | | h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|8}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| Line 198: | Line 201: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="2" | Sonorants | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| w /w/ و | | w /w/ و | ||
| Line 205: | Line 208: | ||
| | | | ||
| y /j/ ي | | y /j/ ي | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
! voiceless | |||
| | |||
| ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 220: | Line 231: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ś /ʦ/ ز | | ś /ʦ/ ز<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 229: | Line 240: | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ| | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ| | ||
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/gawarbati.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> <ڄ> /ʦ/ is taken from the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | *<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] Kāf /k/. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|8}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm]. | |||
===Vowel Chart=== | ===Vowel Chart=== | ||
| Line 275: | Line 289: | ||
==Alphabet - '''Hawak حاواک'''== | ==Alphabet - '''Hawak حاواک'''== | ||
*The Liwadi alphabet | *The Liwadi alphabet has 31 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''oŋ''' ۉگ) which represent 31 [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]] ('''nihoŋ''' نىحۉگ). | ||
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | *As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | ||
*The 19 fundamental consonants are p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, | *The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś. | ||
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|( | *When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(p, b, t, d, k, g)]] and <l> precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ). | ||
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet. | *The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet. | ||
[[Liwadi: Syntax]] | [[Liwadi: Syntax]] | ||
Revision as of 12:06, 12 May 2023
Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /k/ | /g/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʔ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /h/ | /w/ | /j/ | /ɾ/ | /l/ | /ɬ/ | /ʦ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | T t | D d | ṫ | ḋ | K k | G g | ḳ | ġ | ʻ | S s | Z z | Š š | H h | W w | Y y | R r | L l | ḷ | Ś ś | I i | E e | ė | A a | O o | U u |
| Arabic | م | ن | گ | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ٺ | ٻ | ط 2 |
ظ | د | ذ | ک 3 |
ݢ | ٯ 4 |
ڧ | ع | ص 5 |
ض | ڝ | ح 6 |
و 7 |
ي | ر | ل 8 |
ݪ | ڄ | ی | ه | ا | ۉ | ۆ | |
| Name | Mi مى |
Ne نه |
Ŋo گۉ |
Pi ٮى |
Bi بى |
Ṗi ٺى |
Ḃi ٻى |
Te طه |
De ظه |
Ṫe ده |
Ḋe ذه |
Ko کۉ |
Go ݢۉ |
Ḳo ٯۉ |
Ġo ڧۉ |
ʻu عۆ |
Sa صا |
Za ضا |
Ša ڝا |
Hu حۆ |
Wi وى |
Yo ىۉ |
Ra را |
Le له |
Ḷe ݪه |
Śa ڄا |
i ى |
e ه |
ė |
a ا |
o ۉ |
u ۆ |
- Notes:
- The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.
- <ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, e.g. صٙ, sė.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ŋ /ŋ/ گ 6 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 7 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 3 | x /ʃ/ ڝ 5 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 8 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| voiceless | ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ2 | ||||||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ś /ʦ/ ز4 |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 <ڄ> /ʦ/ is taken from the Bosnian alphabet [3].
- 5 <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
- 6 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [4].
- 7 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 8 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [5].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 4 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [6].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet has 31 graphemes (oŋ ۉگ) which represent 31 phonemes (nihoŋ نىحۉگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
- When the six stop consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and <l> precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
