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|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || da- || -jut || <b>da</b>pljan<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>jut</b> ||
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"| fè || da- || -jut || <b>da</b>pljan<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>byt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>žùdž<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>kwal<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>mächt<b>jut</b> |||| <b>da</b>pol<b>jut</b> ||
|}
|}
==Nominal Morphology==
Nouns in Gyatalin have a somewhat mixed system of noun classificaton. It's half-gender, half-animate.
There are 3 genders in Gyatalin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. In addition, both the masculine and feminine genders can be broken into animate or inanimate classes, for a total of 5 distinct groups.
The gender of a noun is apparent upon inspection: masculine nouns either end in consonant, o, u, all +j. Feminine nouns end in either a or i, each +j. And neuter nouns all end in e or ej. No nouns ever end in a long vowel, y, yj, or a diaresis vowel (ä, ë, ö, ü, +j).
===The Article===

Revision as of 12:33, 15 October 2006

Gyatalin
Gjatálin
Spoken in: Gjatá
Timeline/Universe: (unnamed)
Total speakers: 436,391,390
Genealogical classification: (unnamed)

 Shalian
  Gyatalin

Basic word order: SVO
Morphological type: Inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment: Nominative-Accusative
Created by:
maailmaniag 2006

The language of the Gyatalin people (Eng: Gyatalin, Nat: Gjatálin) is a language spoken on the planet of Meishuko, in an alternate universe. It is spoken by approximately 436,391,390 people, and is the most widely spoken of the Shalian languages found on the planet.

The language itself superficially (and sometimes even semantically) resembles some of the Slavic languages (particularly Polish), partly due to the fact that it was, indeed, the Polish who exposed the Gyatalin people to the Latin alphabet and several semantic ideas.

Phonology/Orthography

Consonants

Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d k g
Ejective p' t' k'
Fricative f w s z š ž ś ź ch h
Affricate
Approximants j
Lateral Approximant l

Digraphs

bj bl bn bw bẃ
dj dl dw dẃ
džl džw džẃ
dźj dźw dźẃ
fj fl fẃ
gd gj gl gw gẃ
hl hm hn hẃ
kj kl kn ks kš kś kw kẃ
k’j k’l k’n k’s k’š k’ś k’w k’ẃ
lj lẃ
mj mẃ
nj nẃ
pf pj pl ps pw pẃ
p’f p’j p’l p’s p’w p’ẃ
sf sk sk’ sl sm sn sp sp’ st st’ sw sẃ
šf šk šk’ šl šm šn šp šp’ št št’ šw šẃ
śj św śẃ
tj tl ts tw tẃ
t’y t’l t’s t’w t’ẃ
tšl tšw tšẃ
tśj tśw tśẃ
w wj wl wẃ
chj chw chẃ
zd zg zj zm zn zẃ
žd žg žj žm žn žẃ
źj źw źẃ

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ü u
Lax Close y
Close-Mid ë o
Open-Mid e ö
Near-Open ä
Open a

Diphthongs

There are six diphthongs in Gyatalin, and no more:

aj, ej, ij, oj, uj, yj /ai Ei ij oi uj yj/

Vowel Length

There are a total of 2 vowel lengths in Gyatalin: long and short. The short vowels are marked as previous, and the long vowels are marked as follows:

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close í ù ú
Lax Close ý
Close-Mid è ó
Open-Mid é ò
Near-Open à
Open á

Long diphthongs are formed in exactly the same way: áj éj íj ój új ýj

The Cases

Gyatalin makes use of six grammatical cases: the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, and vocative. Each case is marked, normally in with a different ending for each case.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Among other things that decline into each of the six cases, the personal pronouns do.

Personal Pronouns
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Locative Vocative
1 singular mny mne ym moj
2 singular ty doj
3 singular m. žoj žë žu ža žü žu
3 singular f. žaj žy žä ži žö žy
3 singular n. žej žej žu že žy žo
1 plural inclusive il il ẃim wi jeg il
1 plural exclusive yl il mil myl
2 plural jätś wjej wjo wjo joź joj
3 plural anim. fën dau dwò dwo
3 plural inanim. dèn dwò dwó


Verbal Morphology

Like many Indo-European languages, verbs decline by person and number. However, Gyatalin verbs do not decline by tense; they decline somewhat by aspect, but the conjugations of the verbs don't match up exactly in meaning. The closest natural language aspect is the telicity found in Finnish or Estonian.

For the sake of neatness, already existing grammatical aspects are used to name Gyatalin aspects. However, a brief description of what the actual Gyatalin aspect is will follow the heading.

Before actually viewing the verbal morphology of Gyatalin, it is important to look at the structure of the verb infinitive (which ALWAYS ends in -t'j).

There are two classes of verbs, so aptly named Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 verbs have either: a, y, o, u, ë, or a consonant before the typical t'j ending. Verbs in Class 2 have either: e, i, y, ü, ä, or ö before the t'j ending. It is impossible to tell whether a particular -yt'j verb is from Class 1 or Class 2.

To discover the stem of the verb, simply remove the vowel and the t'j ending. In the case of the consonant+t'j endings, only remove the t'j.

Perfective Aspect

This is the simplest of the aspects. In Gyatalin, this aspect implies that the action being referred to has been completed.

Class 1 Verbs

Class 1, Perfective Aspect
Ending póchat'j ytyt'j wlùbot'j źlut’j gànśët’j títant'j
-u póchu ytu wlùbu źlu gànśu títanu
-ešt póchešt ytešt wlùbešt źlešt gànśešt títanešt
žoj -oj póchoj ytoj wlùboj źloj gànśoj títanoj
žaj -aj póchaj ytaj wlùbaj źlaj gànśaj títanaj
žej -ej póchej ytej wlùbej źlej gànśej títanej
il -my póchmy ytmy wlùbmy źlmy gànśmy títanmy
yl -li póchli ytli wlùbli źli gànśli títanli
jätś póché yté wlùbé źlé gànśé títané
fën -ju póchju ytju wlùbju źlju gànśju títanju
-jut póchjut ytjut wlùbjut źljut gànśjut títanjut


Class 2 Verbs

Class 2, Perfective Aspect
Ending pljanet'j bytit'j žùdžyt'j kwalüt’j mächtät’j polöt'j
-ju pljanju bytju žùdžju kwalju mächtju polju
-iš pljan byt žùdž kwal mächt pol
žoj -joj pljanjoj bytjoj žùdžjoj kwaljoj mächtjoj poljoj
žaj -jaj pljanjaj bytjaj žùdžjaj kwaljaj mächtjaj poljaj
žej -jej pljanjej bytjej žùdžjej kwaljej mächtjej poljej
il -ymi pljanymi bytymi žùdžymi kwalymi mächtymi polymi
yl -yli pljanyli bytyli žùdžyli kwalyli mächtyli polyli
jätś -je pljanje bytje žùdžje kwalje mächtje polje
fën -ja pljanja bytja žùdžja kwalja mächtja polja
-jat pljanjat bytjat žùdžjat kwaljat mächtjat poljat

Progressive Aspect

The progressive aspect implies that the verb is happening, but has not been completed. This aspect also carries the meaning of the intention of completing the action. (for example, with the verb "to go there", in the progressive aspect, English would represent the meaning as "to be on one's way there, and having an intention of reaching the final destination")

Class 1 Verbs

Class 1, Progressive Aspect
Ending póchat'j ytyt'j wlùbot'j źlut’j gànśët’j títant'j
ja- -u japóchu jagytu jawlùbu jaźlu jagànśu jatítanu
ja- -ešt japóchešt jagytešt jawlùbešt jaźlešt jagànśešt jatítanešt
žoj ja- -oj japóchoj jagytoj jawlùboj jaźloj jagànśoj jatítanoj
žaj ja- -aj japóchaj jagytaj jawlùbaj jaźlaj jagànśaj jatítanaj
žej ja- -ej japóchej jagytej jawlùbej jaźlej jagànśej jatítanej
il ja- -my japóchmy jagytmy jawlùbmy jaźlmy jagànśmy jatítanmy
yl ja- -li japóchli jagytli jawlùbli jaźli jagànśli jatítanli
jätś ja- japóché jagyté jawlùbé jaźlé jagànśé jatítané
fën ja- -ju japóchju jagytju jawlùbju jaźlju jagànśju jatítanju
ja- -jut japóchjut jagytjut jawlùbjut jaźljut jagànśjut jatítanjut

Class 2 Verbs

Class 2, Progressive Aspect
Ending pljanet'j bytit'j žùdžyt'j kwalüt’j mächtät’j polöt'j
ja- -ju japljanju jabytju jažùdžju jakwalju jamächtju japolju
ja- -iš japljan jabyt jažùdž jakwal jamächt japol
žoj ja- -joj japljanjoj jabytjoj jažùdžjoj jakwaljoj jamächtjoj japoljoj
žaj ja- -jaj japljanjaj jabytjaj jažùdžjaj jakwaljaj jamächtjaj japoljaj
žej ja- -jej japljanjej jabytjej jažùdžjej jakwaljej jamächtjej japoljej
il ja- -ymi japljanymi jabytymi jažùdžymi jakwalymi jamächtymi japolymi
yl ja- -yli japljanyli jabytyli jažùdžyli jakwalyli jamächtyli japolyli
jätś ja- -je japljanje jabytje jažùdžje jakwalje jamächtje japolje
fën ja- -ja japljanja jabytja jažùdžja jakwalja jamächtja japolja
ja- -jat japljanjat jabytjat jažùdžjat jakwaljat jamächtjat japoljat

Imperfective Aspect

The imperfective aspect implies almost the opposite ot the perfective aspect. The verb is happening, and has not yet been completed, but the subject has no intention of finishing the said action.

Class 1 Verbs

Class 1, Progressive Aspect
Ending póchat'j ytyt'j wlùbot'j źlut’j gànśët’j títant'j
ja- -um japóchum jagytum jawlùbum jaźlum jagànśmu jatítanum
ja- -et japóchet jagytet jawlùbet jaźlet jagànśet jatítanet
žoj ja- -o japócho jagyto jawlùbo jaźlo jagànśo jatítano
žaj ja- -a japócha jagyta jawlùba jaźla jagànśa jatítana
žej ja- -e japóche jagyte jawlùbe jaźle jagànśe jatítane
il ja- -ym japóchym jagytym jawlùbym jaźlym jagànśym jatítanym
yl ja- -il japóchil jagytil jawlùbil jaźlil jagànśil jatítanil
jätś ja- japóchè jagytè jawlùbè jaźlè jagànśè jatítanè
fën ja- -uj japóchuj jagytuj jawlùbuj jaźluj jagànśuj jatítanuj
ja- -ujt japóchujt jagytujt jawlùbujt jaźlujt jagànśujt jatítanujt

Class 2 Verbs

Class 2, Progressive Aspect
Ending pljanet'j bytit'j žùdžyt'j kwalüt’j mächtät’j polöt'j
ja- -u japljanu jabytu jažùdžu jakwalu jamächtu japolu
ja- -ešt japljanešt jabytešt jažùdžešt jakwalešt jamächtešt japolešt
žoj ja- -oj japljanoj jabytoj jažùdžoj jakwaloj jamächtoj japoloj
žaj ja- -aj japljanaj jabytaj jažùdžaj jakwalaj jamächtaj japolaj
žej ja- -ej japljanej jabytej jažùdžej jakwalej jamächtej japolej
il ja- -my japljanmy jabytmy jažùdžmy jakwalmy jamächtmy japolmy
yl ja- -li japljanli jabytli jažùdžli jakwali jamächtli japoli
jätś ja- japljané jabyté jažùdžé jakwalé jamächté japolé
fën ja- -ju japljanju jabytju jažùdžju jakwalju jamächtju japolju
ja- -jut japljanjut jabytjut jažùdžjut jakwaljut jamächtjut japoljut

Prospective Aspect

The prospective aspect implies to the listener that the action has not yet been started; however, the speaker has intentions of finishing the action.

Class 1 Verbs

Class 1, Prospective Aspect
Ending póchat'j ytyt'j wlùbot'j źlut’j gànśët’j títant'j
da- -u dapóchu dagytu dawlùbu daźlu dagànśu datítanu
da- -ešt dapóchešt dagytešt dawlùbešt daźlešt dagànśešt datítanešt
žoj da- -oj dapóchoj dagytoj dawlùboj daźloj dagànśoj datítanoj
žaj da- -aj dapóchaj dagytaj dawlùbaj daźlaj dagànśaj datítanaj
žej da- -ej dapóchej dagytej dawlùbej daźlej dagànśej datítanej
il da- -my dapóchmy dagytmy dawlùbmy daźlmy dagànśmy datítanmy
yl da- -li dapóchli dagytli dawlùbli daźli dagànśli datítanli
jätś da- dapóché dagyté dawlùbé daźlé dagànśé datítané
fën da- -ju dapóchju dagytju dawlùbju daźlju dagànśju datítanju
da- -jut dapóchjut dagytjut dawlùbjut daźljut dagànśjut datítanjut

Class 2 Verbs

Class 2, Prospective Aspect
Ending pljanet'j bytit'j žùdžyt'j kwalüt’j mächtät’j polöt'j
da- -ju dapljanju dabytju dažùdžju dakwalju damächtju dapolju
da- -iš dapljan dabyt dažùdž dakwal damächt dapol
žoj da- -joj dapljanjoj dabytjoj dažùdžjoj dakwaljoj damächtjoj dapoljoj
žaj da- -jaj dapljanjaj dabytjaj dažùdžjaj dakwaljaj damächtjaj dapoljaj
žej da- -jej dapljanjej dabytjej dažùdžjej dakwaljej damächtjej dapoljej
il da- -ymi dapljanymi dabytymi dažùdžymi dakwalymi damächtymi dapolymi
yl da- -yli dapljanyli dabytyli dažùdžyli dakwalyli damächtyli dapolyli
jätś da- -je dapljanje dabytje dažùdžje dakwalje damächtje dapolje
fën da- -ja dapljanja dabytja dažùdžja dakwalja damächtja dapolja
da- -jat dapljanjat dabytjat dažùdžjat dakwaljat damächtjat dapoljat

Progressive/Imperfect Aspect

This aspect of the Gyatalin verb has no grammatical name. It implies that the action has not yet started, and the speaker has no intention of ever completing the action.

Class 1 Verbs

Class 1
Ending póchat'j ytyt'j wlùbot'j źlut’j gànśët’j títant'j
da- -um dapóchum dagytum dawlùbum daźlum dagànśmu datítanum
da- -et dapóchet dagytet dawlùbet daźlet dagànśet datítanet
žoj da- -o dapócho dagyto dawlùbo daźlo dagànśo datítano
žaj da- -a dapócha dagyta dawlùba daźla dagànśa datítana
žej da- -e dapóche dagyte dawlùbe daźle dagànśe datítane
il da- -ym dapóchym dagytym dawlùbym daźlym dagànśym datítanym
yl da- -il dapóchil dagytil dawlùbil daźlil dagànśil datítanil
jätś da- dapóchè dagytè dawlùbè daźlè dagànśè datítanè
fën da- -uj dapóchuj dagytuj dawlùbuj daźluj dagànśuj datítanuj
da- -ujt dapóchujt dagytujt dawlùbujt daźlujt dagànśujt datítanujt

Class 2 Verbs

Class 2
Ending pljanet'j bytit'j žùdžyt'j kwalüt’j mächtät’j polöt'j
da- -u dapljanu dabytu dažùdžu dakwalu damächtu dapolu
da- -ešt dapljanešt dabytešt dažùdžešt dakwalešt damächtešt dapolešt
žoj da- -oj dapljanoj dabytoj dažùdžoj dakwaloj damächtoj dapoloj
žaj da- -aj dapljanaj dabytaj dažùdžaj dakwalaj damächtaj dapolaj
žej da- -ej dapljanej dabytej dažùdžej dakwalej damächtej dapolej
il da- -my dapljanmy dabytmy dažùdžmy dakwalmy damächtmy dapolmy
yl da- -li dapljanli dabytli dažùdžli dakwali damächtli dapoli
jätś da- dapljané dabyté dažùdžé dakwalé damächté dapolé
fën da- -ju dapljanju dabytju dažùdžju dakwalju damächtju dapolju
da- -jut dapljanjut dabytjut dažùdžjut dakwaljut damächtjut dapoljut

Nominal Morphology

Nouns in Gyatalin have a somewhat mixed system of noun classificaton. It's half-gender, half-animate.

There are 3 genders in Gyatalin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. In addition, both the masculine and feminine genders can be broken into animate or inanimate classes, for a total of 5 distinct groups.

The gender of a noun is apparent upon inspection: masculine nouns either end in consonant, o, u, all +j. Feminine nouns end in either a or i, each +j. And neuter nouns all end in e or ej. No nouns ever end in a long vowel, y, yj, or a diaresis vowel (ä, ë, ö, ü, +j).

The Article