Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 23:02, 3 November 2021
Vrkhazhian nouns are called ğimūm (singular ğimum). They are declined (inflected) for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are five cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, and adpositional) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. These genders are not strictly based on sex and the gender of non-human nouns is somewhat unpredictable.
Noun inflection
Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for all five cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The five cases are thus:
- The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject or agent (doer) of the verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
- The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Henry, what are you doing?", "the future is now, old man")
- The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver) of the verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil").
- The instrumental (INS) case indicates the theme (given object) or instrument of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam a pencil", "She showers him with love").
- The adpositional (ADP) case is a rarely used case used to indicate the object of certain adpositions ("under the table", "five minutes ago").
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Noun states
Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the governed state, or status rectus, and the construct state, or status constructus. The construct state is used in possessive constructions to mark the head (modified or possessed) noun rather than the dependent (modifying or possessing) noun. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.
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Noun derivation
Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:
