Cernelian/Sound changes

Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian)

• Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost

Proto-Finnic *ármastàdak → Early Proto-Cernelian *armastā́ˀ → Late Proto-Cernelian *ormostà → Modern Cernelian romosta "to love"

The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables

• *h-, *-h, and *-k become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute -ˀ (final *-h caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)

*habukka → *áuˀka → *ùko → uko "hawk"

*hameh → *áˀmē → *ámě → amie "shirt"

*raha → *ráˀa → *rȏ → ro "money"

• Intervocalic *-b-, *-d-, and *-g- were lost except before front vowels

*jalaga → *jálā → *jě̏la → jała "elm"

*jabat → *jā → *jě̏ → je "oars"

• • Intervocalic *-b- before front vowels become *-w-

*häbäs → *éˀwes → *jève → jewie "withers"

• • Otherwise, *-b-, *-d-, and *-g retain their phonological quality after consonants

*lamba → *lámba → *lǫ̏bo → łębo "sheep"

• Proto-Finnic front vowels *e, *ö, *ü → *e, *e, *i

*räüstäs → *rèistes → *rȉste → rzyście

• • This development also followed by fronting of *o after front vowels to *ö

*näko, alternative *näkö → *néke → *nȅče → niecze

• Proto-Finnic *c → *s

*kecrä → *késre → *čȅre → czerze "wheel"

• Proto-Finnic short *o → *a, but *oo → *ō

*ilo → *íla → *jьlõ → iłó "joy"

• Ruki sound law: -s- becomes -š- after velars, -i-, -r-, and -u- except preceding consonants

*ükci → *iˀsi → *iˀši → *jь̀šь → isz "one"

*karcina → *káršina → *kȍršьno → krószno "pen of animals"

Early Proto-Cernelian to Proto-Slavic parallel

• Tonal developments
  • Glottals are lost except in stressed ones