User:Bukkia/sandbox

Slevian is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.

Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it losts all the original cases, and developed a definite and indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.

It is written with the Latin Alphabet, but can be adapted to the Cyrillic one.

Phonology

Vowels

Slevian has a reduced vocalic system, with only six vowels:

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i   ɨ u ɛ ɔ      a
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	p b		t d				k ɡ
Nasal	m	ɱ	n			ɲ
Vibrant			r
Fricative		f v		s z	ʃ ʒ
Affricate				ʦ	ʧ
Approximant						j	ɰ
Lateral approximant			l

Alphabet

IPA consonant	Latin
/p/	p
/b/	b
/t/	t
/d/	d
/k/	k
/g/	g
/m/	m
/n/	n
/ʦ/	c
/ʧ/	č
/ʒ/	ž
/f/	f
/v/	v
/s/	s
/z/	z
/ʃ/	š
/r/	r
/j/	j
/ɰ/	u
/l/	l

Š, ž, č, s, z, l, j are called soft consonants and they tend to modify the use of the morphological endings.

IPA vowel	Latin
/i/	i
/ɨ/	y
/u/	u
/ɛ/	e
/a/	a
/ɔ/	o

Morphology

Slevian has a semplified morphology, in contrast with other Slavic languages.

Substantives

Substantives have three genres (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two numbers (singular and 'plural)

Number

Substantives form their plural by modifying their endings oder by adding a new one:

• If they end with normal consonants, they add -y
• If they end with -š, -ž, -č, -s, -z, -l, -j (called soft consonants): they add -i
• If they end with -a, -e, -u: they drop these vowels and add -y
• If -a, -e, -u, are preceded by a soft consonant, they add -i instead of -y.
• If they end with -o: they drop it and add -a
• If they end with -ja, -je: they drop them and add -ji

Gender

Slevian substantives can be masculine, feminine or neuter.

• If the substantive ends with a consonant, it is masculine
• If it ends with -a, it is feminine
• If it ends with -o, it is neuter
• If it ends with -e, it can be feminine or neuter:

• Normal consonant + -e, it is neuter
• Soft consonant + -e, it is feminine

The plural substantive have no genre.

Articles

Slevian developed a system of articles, differently from the other Slavic languages, and similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian, but it places its articles before the substantives, as in English and contrary to the two Slavic languages:

Indefinite Articles

	Articles
Masculine	Jedin
Feminine	Jedna
Neuter	Jedno
Plural	Jedny

The plural form is used as the English adjectives some, any.

Definite Articles

	Articles
Masculine	Ton
Feminine	Ta
Neuter	To
Plural	Ti

Slevian has not an independent form for this and that: they are built by adding an adverbial particle to the articles:

• To- + Articles = this
• Tam- + Articles = that

Adjectives

Adjectives do agree with their substantives in genre and number. They are placed after before their substantives as in English. The base form is masculine which generally ends with -y or -i, but some adjectives (most of all passive participles) can end with another consonant. To agree, they modify their endings:

• If the root ends with normal consonants, the masculine form is -y
• If the root ends with soft consonants, the masculine form is -i
• To form the feminine, just drop the masculine ending and add -a
• To form the neuter, just drop the masculine ending and add -o
• To form the plural, just drop the masculine ending and add -e

Comparative

To form the comparative degree, drop the masculine ending and add:

	Ending
Masculine	-eji
Feminine	-eja
Neuter	-ejo
Plural	-eje

The comparison is made by the particle čim.

Superlative

To form the superlative put before the declined adjective the particle samej

Adverbs

Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: -õkša/õkše/õkšo,-õкша/õкше/õкшо

Locative adverbs

Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: they decline. They take the same locative endings of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:

Sinaan/Синаан has the unspecified meaning of there, but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:

With the elative ending, Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања, it specifies its meaning in from there inside

With the adessive ending, Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына, it specifies its meaning in there (statement) near.

And so the other locative adverbs decline.