Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions
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| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
| P p | | P p | ||
| B b | | B b | ||
| G g | |||
| K k | | K k | ||
| Ń ń | | Ń ń | ||
| A a | | A a | ||
| E e | | E e | ||
| | | ë | ||
| I i | | I i | ||
| | | ï | ||
| O o | | O o | ||
| U u | | U u | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
| ݢ | | ݢ | ||
| گ | | گ | ||
| | | ا | ||
| | | ه | ||
| | | ۃ | ||
| | | ى۬ | ||
| | | ي | ||
| | | وْ | ||
| | | وٚ | ||
|- | |||
! Name | |||
| Ya | |||
| Wa | |||
| Nun | |||
| Mim | |||
| Lam | |||
| ʻan | |||
| Ta | |||
| Da | |||
| Sa | |||
| Za | |||
| Ra | |||
| Ha | |||
| Pa | |||
| Ba | |||
| Ka | |||
| Ga | |||
| Ńa | |||
| A | |||
| E | |||
| Ë | |||
| I | |||
| Ï | |||
| O | |||
| U | |||
|} | |} | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The letters of the alphabet are arranged in the [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet#Alphabetic order|Maghrebian]] ''hijāʾī'' order. | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The letters of the alphabet are arranged in the [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet#Alphabetic order|Maghrebian]] ''hijāʾī'' order. | ||
| Line 108: | Line 134: | ||
| n /n/ ن | | n /n/ ن | ||
| | | | ||
| ń /ŋ/ گ | | ń /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Stops | ! rowspan="2" | Stops | ||
! voiceless | ! voiceless | ||
| p /p/ ٮ | | p /p/ ٮ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | ||
| t /t/ ط | | t /t/ ط | ||
| | | | ||
| k /k/ ک | | k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> | ||
| ʻ /ʔ/ ع | | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| b /b/ ﺏ | | b /b/ ﺏ | ||
| d /d/ ظ | | d /d/ ظ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| g /g/ ݢ | | g /g/ ݢ <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 130: | Line 156: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| s /s/ ص | | s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| h /h/ ح | | h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| Line 156: | Line 182: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Notes:==== | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ| | |||
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ظ> /d/ is taken from the Shugni alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shugni.htm]. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> Taken from the Khorasanic Turkic <نگ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khorasaniturkic.htm]. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] Kāf /k/. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Jawi alphabet|Malay]] Ga /g/. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm]. | |||
===Vowel Chart=== | ===Vowel Chart=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Close | ! Close | ||
| i /i/ | | i /i/ ى۬ | ||
| | | | ||
| u /u/ | | u /u/ وٚ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Near-close | ! Near-close | ||
| | | ï /ɪ/ ي | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close-mid | ! Close-mid | ||
| e /e/ | | e /e/ ه | ||
| | | | ||
| o /o/ | | o /o/ وْ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open-mid | ! Open-mid | ||
| | | ë /ɛ/ ۃ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 186: | Line 223: | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
| | | | ||
| a /ä/ | | a /ä/ ا | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Alphabet - '''ىٙوٙن | ==Alphabet - '''Yawan ىٙوٙن'''== | ||
*The Liwadi alphabet ('''yawan''') has 24 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''oń''') which represent 24 sounds ('''nihoń'''). | *The Liwadi alphabet ('''yawan''' ىٙوٙن) has 24 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''oń''' وْگ) which represent 24 sounds ('''nihoń''' نی۬حوْگ). | ||
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. For this reason alphabetic order is a modified [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet#Alphabetic order|Maghrebian]] ''hijāʾī'' order. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | *As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. For this reason alphabetic order is a modified [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet#Alphabetic order|Maghrebian]] ''hijāʾī'' order. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | ||
*The consonants are y, w, n, m, l, ʻ, t, d, s, z, r, h, p, b, k, g and ń. | *The consonants are y, w, n, m, l, ʻ, t, d, s, z, r, h, p, b, k, g and ń. | ||
*When the stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(t, d, p, b, k, g)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ, ḳ, ġ). | *When the stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(t, d, p, b, k, g)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ, ḳ, ġ). | ||
*The vowel inventory consists of a, e, | *The vowel inventory consists of a, e, ë, i, ï, o, and u. | ||
[[Liwadi: Syntax]] | [[Liwadi: Syntax]] | ||
Revision as of 16:18, 26 July 2021
Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /j/ | /w/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ʔ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ/ | /h/ | /p/ | /b/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /ä/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ | /o/ | /u/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Y y | W w | N n | M m | L l | ʻ | T t | D d | S s | Z z | R r | H h | P p | B b | G g | K k | Ń ń | A a | E e | ë | I i | ï | O o | U u |
| Arabic | ی 1 | و | ن | م | ل | ع | ط | ظ | ص | ض | ر | ح | ٮ | ﺏ | ک | ݢ | گ | ا | ه | ۃ | ى۬ | ي | وْ | وٚ |
| Name | Ya | Wa | Nun | Mim | Lam | ʻan | Ta | Da | Sa | Za | Ra | Ha | Pa | Ba | Ka | Ga | Ńa | A | E | Ë | I | Ï | O | U |
- 1 The letters of the alphabet are arranged in the Maghrebian hijāʾī order.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ 4 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 5 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ 2 | g /g/ ݢ 6 | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | s /s/ ص 3 | h /h/ ح 7 | |||
| voiced | z /z/ ض | |||||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | r /ɾ/ ر | y /j/ ی |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ظ> /d/ is taken from the Shugni alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 Taken from the Khorasanic Turkic <نگ> /ŋ/ [3].
- 5 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 6 The Malay Ga /g/.
- 7 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ى۬ | u /u/ وٚ | |
| Near-close | ï /ɪ/ ي | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه | o /o/ وْ | |
| Open-mid | ë /ɛ/ ۃ | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Alphabet - Yawan ىٙوٙن
- The Liwadi alphabet (yawan ىٙوٙن) has 24 graphemes (oń وْگ) which represent 24 sounds (nihoń نی۬حوْگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. For this reason alphabetic order is a modified Maghrebian hijāʾī order. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The consonants are y, w, n, m, l, ʻ, t, d, s, z, r, h, p, b, k, g and ń.
- When the stop consonants (t, d, p, b, k, g) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ, ḳ, ġ).
- The vowel inventory consists of a, e, ë, i, ï, o, and u.
