Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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Line 14: Line 14:
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''ṣars-ū'' || ''ṣars-um'' || threw, said || ''ṣars-ū'' || ''ṣars-um'' || was thrown, was said
  | ''ṣars-um'' || ''ṣars-ū'' || threw, said || ''ṣars-um'' || ''ṣars-ū'' || was thrown, was said
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''ṣars-ī'' || ''ṣars-im'' || threw, said || ''ṣars-ī'' || ''ṣars-im'' || was thrown, was said
  | ''ṣars-im'' || ''ṣars-ī'' || threw, said || ''ṣars-im'' || ''ṣars-ī'' || was thrown, was said
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''na-ṣras-ū'' || ''nu-ṣras-um'' || will throw, will say || ''na-ṣris-ū'' || ''na-ṣris-um'' || will be thrown, will be said
  | ''na-ṣras-um'' || ''na-ṣras-ū'' || will throw, will say || ''na-ṣris-um'' || ''na-ṣris-ū'' || will be thrown, will be said
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''na-ṣras-ī'' || ''nu-ṣras-im'' || will throw, will say || ''na-ṣris-ī'' || ''na-ṣris-im'' || will be thrown, will be said
  | ''na-ṣras-im'' || ''na-ṣras-ī'' || will throw, will say || ''na-ṣris-im'' || ''na-ṣris-ī'' || will be thrown, will be said
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''yabl-ū'' || ''yabl-um'' || smelled, tasted || ''yabl-ū'' || ''yabl-um'' || was smelled, was tasted
  | ''yabl-um'' || ''yabl-ū'' || smelled, tasted || ''yabl-um'' || ''yabl-ū'' || was smelled, was tasted
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''yabl-ī'' || ''yabl-im'' || smelled, tasted || ''yabl-ī'' || ''yabl-im'' || was smelled, was tasted
  | ''yabl-im'' || ''yabl-ī'' || smelled, tasted || ''yabl-im'' || ''yabl-ī'' || was smelled, was tasted
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''nē-bal-ū'' || ''nē-bal-um'' || will smell, will taste || ''nē-bil-ū'' || ''nē-bil-um'' || will be smelled, will be tasted
  | ''nē-bal-um'' || ''nē-bal-ū'' || will smell, will taste || ''nē-bil-um'' || ''nē-bil-ū'' || will be smelled, will be tasted
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''nē-bal-ī'' || ''nē-bal-im'' || will smell, will taste || ''nē-bil-ī'' || ''nē-bil-im'' || will be smelled, will be tasted
  | ''nē-bal-im'' || ''nē-bal-ī'' || will smell, will taste || ''nē-bil-im'' || ''nē-bil-ī'' || will be smelled, will be tasted
  |}
  |}


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  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''dūl-ū'' || ''dūl-um'' || dug out, revealed || ''dīl-ū'' || ''dīl-um'' || was dug out, was revealed
  | ''dūl-um'' || ''dūl-ū'' || dug out, revealed || ''dīl-um'' || ''dīl-ū'' || was dug out, was revealed
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''dūl-ī'' || ''dūl-im'' || dug out, revealed || ''dīl-ī'' || ''dīl-im'' || was dug out, was revealed
  | ''dūl-im'' || ''dūl-ī'' || dug out, revealed || ''dīl-im'' || ''dīl-ī'' || was dug out, was revealed
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''na-dūl-ū'' || ''na-dūl-um'' || will dig out, will reveal || ''na-dīl-ū'' || ''na-dīl-um'' || will be dug out, will be revealed
  | ''na-dūl-um'' || ''na-dūl-ū'' || will dig out, will reveal || ''na-dīl-um'' || ''na-dīl-ū'' || will be dug out, will be revealed
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''na-dūl-ī'' || ''na-dūl-im'' || will dig out, will reveal  || ''na-dīl-ī'' || ''na-dīl-im'' ||  will be dug out, will be revealed
  | ''na-dūl-im'' || ''na-dūl-ī'' || will dig out, will reveal  || ''na-dīl-im'' || ''na-dīl-ī'' ||  will be dug out, will be revealed
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 105: Line 105:
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''ṣars-ū-śa'' || ''ṣars-um-śa'' || made throw, made say || ''ṣars-ū-śa'' || ''ṣars-um-śa'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  | ''ṣars-um-śa'' || ''ṣars-ū-śa'' || made throw, made say || ''ṣars-um-śa'' || ''ṣars-ū-śa'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''ṣars-ī-śa'' || ''ṣars-im-śa'' || made throw, made say || ''ṣars-ī-śa'' || ''ṣars-im-śa'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  | ''ṣars-im-śa'' || ''ṣars-ī-śa'' || made throw, made say || ''ṣars-im-śa'' || ''ṣars-ī-śa'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''na-ṣras-ū-śa'' || ''na-ṣras-um-śa'' || will make throw, will make say || ''na-ṣris-ū-śa'' || ''na-ṣris-um-śa'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  | ''na-ṣras-um-śa'' || ''na-ṣras-ū-śa'' || will make throw, will make say || ''na-ṣris-um-śa'' || ''na-ṣris-ū-śa'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''na-ṣras-ī-śa'' || ''na-ṣras-im-śa'' || will make throw, will make say || ''na-ṣris-ī-śa'' || ''na-ṣris-im-śa'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  | ''na-ṣras-im-śa'' || ''na-ṣras-ī-śa'' || will make throw, will make say || ''na-ṣris-im-śa'' || ''na-ṣris-ī-śa'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''ṣars-ū-ku'' || ''ṣars-uñ-ku'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ṣars-ū-ku'' || ''ṣars-uñ-ku'' || was thrown to, was spoken to  
  | ''ṣars-um-ku'' || ''ṣars-uñ-ku'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ṣars-um-ku'' || ''ṣars-uñ-ku'' || was thrown to, was spoken to  
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''ṣars-ī-ku'' || ''ṣars-iñ-ku'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ṣars-ī-ku'' || ''ṣars-iñ-ku'' || was thrown to, was spoken to  
  | ''ṣars-im-ku'' || ''ṣars-iñ-ku'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ṣars-im-ku'' || ''ṣars-iñ-ku'' || was thrown to, was spoken to  
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''na-ṣras-ū-ku'' || ''na-ṣras-uñ-ku'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''na-ṣris-ū-ku'' || ''na-ṣris-uñ-ku'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  | ''na-ṣras-um-ku'' || ''na-ṣras-uñ-ku'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''na-ṣris-um-ku'' || ''na-ṣris-uñ-ku'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''na-ṣras-ī-ku'' || ''na-ṣras-iñ-ku'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''na-ṣris-ī-ku'' || ''na-ṣris-iñ-ku'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  | ''na-ṣras-im-ku'' || ''na-ṣras-iñ-ku'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''na-ṣris-im-ku'' || ''na-ṣris-iñ-ku'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! rowspan=2 | Nonfuture
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''ṣars-ū-bi'' || ''ṣars-um-be'' || threw for, spoke for || ''ṣars-ū-bi'' || ''ṣars-um-be'' || was thrown for, was spoken for  
  | ''ṣars-um-bi'' || ''ṣars-ū-be'' || threw for, spoke for || ''ṣars-um-bi'' || ''ṣars-ū-be'' || was thrown for, was spoken for  
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''ṣars-ī-bi'' || ''ṣars-im-be'' || threw for, spoke for || ''ṣars-ī-bi'' || ''ṣars-im-be'' || was thrown for, was spoken for  
  | ''ṣars-im-bi'' || ''ṣars-ī-be'' || threw for, spoke for || ''ṣars-im-bi'' || ''ṣars-ī-be'' || was thrown for, was spoken for  
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! rowspan=2 | Future
  ! Feminine
  ! Feminine
  | ''na-ṣras-ū-bi'' || ''na-ṣras-um-be'' || will throw for, will speak for || ''na-ṣris-ū-bi'' || ''na-ṣris-um-be'' || will be thrown for, will be spoken for
  | ''na-ṣras-um-bi'' || ''na-ṣras-ū-be'' || will throw for, will speak for || ''na-ṣris-um-bi'' || ''na-ṣris-ū-be'' || will be thrown for, will be spoken for
  |-
  |-
  ! Masculine
  ! Masculine
  | ''na-ṣras-ī-bi'' || ''na-ṣras-im-be'' || will throw for, will speak for || ''na-ṣris-ī-bi'' || ''na-ṣris-im-be'' || will be thrown for, will be spoken for
  | ''na-ṣras-im-bi'' || ''na-ṣras-ī-be'' || will throw for, will speak for || ''na-ṣris-im-bi'' || ''na-ṣris-ī-be'' || will be thrown for, will be spoken for
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 23:16, 13 February 2021

Vrkhazhian verbs are called narīban (singular narība). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active and passive). There are only two tenses (future and non-future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and subjunctive) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called ṣaras because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

(Triliteral Verbs)

Strong Verbs

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine ṣars-um ṣars-ū threw, said ṣars-um ṣars-ū was thrown, was said
Masculine ṣars-im ṣars-ī threw, said ṣars-im ṣars-ī was thrown, was said
Future Feminine na-ṣras-um na-ṣras-ū will throw, will say na-ṣris-um na-ṣris-ū will be thrown, will be said
Masculine na-ṣras-im na-ṣras-ī will throw, will say na-ṣris-im na-ṣris-ī will be thrown, will be said

Initial-Weak Verbs

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???

y-b-l (to smell, to taste)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine yabl-um yabl-ū smelled, tasted yabl-um yabl-ū was smelled, was tasted
Masculine yabl-im yabl-ī smelled, tasted yabl-im yabl-ī was smelled, was tasted
Future Feminine nē-bal-um nē-bal-ū will smell, will taste nē-bil-um nē-bil-ū will be smelled, will be tasted
Masculine nē-bal-im nē-bal-ī will smell, will taste nē-bil-im nē-bil-ī will be smelled, will be tasted

Middle-Weak Verbs

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???.

d-w-l (to dig out, to remove, to reveal, to uncover)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine dūl-um dūl-ū dug out, revealed dīl-um dīl-ū was dug out, was revealed
Masculine dūl-im dūl-ī dug out, revealed dīl-im dīl-ī was dug out, was revealed
Future Feminine na-dūl-um na-dūl-ū will dig out, will reveal na-dīl-um na-dīl-ū will be dug out, will be revealed
Masculine na-dūl-im na-dūl-ī will dig out, will reveal na-dīl-im na-dīl-ī will be dug out, will be revealed

Final-Weak Verbs

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes elided while lengthening the preceding vowel.

n-ś-y (to want, to desire)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine naś-û naś-ûm wanted, desired naś-û naś-ûm was wanted, was desired
Masculine naś-î naś-îm wanted, desired naś-î naś-îm was wanted, was desired
Future Feminine na-nś-û na-nś-ûm will want, will desire na-nś-û na-nś-ûm will be wanted, will be desired
Masculine na-nś-î na-nś-îm will want, will desire na-nś-î na-nś-îm will be wanted, will be desired

Extensions To the Verb

The Instrumental-Causative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine ṣars-um-śa ṣars-ū-śa made throw, made say ṣars-um-śa ṣars-ū-śa was made to throw, was made to say
Masculine ṣars-im-śa ṣars-ī-śa made throw, made say ṣars-im-śa ṣars-ī-śa was made to throw, was made to say
Future Feminine na-ṣras-um-śa na-ṣras-ū-śa will make throw, will make say na-ṣris-um-śa na-ṣris-ū-śa will be made to throw, will be made to say
Masculine na-ṣras-im-śa na-ṣras-ī-śa will make throw, will make say na-ṣris-im-śa na-ṣris-ī-śa will be made to throw, will be made to say

The Dative-Locative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine ṣars-um-ku ṣars-uñ-ku threw to, spoke to ṣars-um-ku ṣars-uñ-ku was thrown to, was spoken to
Masculine ṣars-im-ku ṣars-iñ-ku threw to, spoke to ṣars-im-ku ṣars-iñ-ku was thrown to, was spoken to
Future Feminine na-ṣras-um-ku na-ṣras-uñ-ku will throw to, will speak to na-ṣris-um-ku na-ṣris-uñ-ku will be thrown to, will be spoken to
Masculine na-ṣras-im-ku na-ṣras-iñ-ku will throw to, will speak to na-ṣris-im-ku na-ṣris-iñ-ku will be thrown to, will be spoken to

The Benefactive-Purposive Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Nonfuture Feminine ṣars-um-bi ṣars-ū-be threw for, spoke for ṣars-um-bi ṣars-ū-be was thrown for, was spoken for
Masculine ṣars-im-bi ṣars-ī-be threw for, spoke for ṣars-im-bi ṣars-ī-be was thrown for, was spoken for
Future Feminine na-ṣras-um-bi na-ṣras-ū-be will throw for, will speak for na-ṣris-um-bi na-ṣris-ū-be will be thrown for, will be spoken for
Masculine na-ṣras-im-bi na-ṣras-ī-be will throw for, will speak for na-ṣris-im-bi na-ṣris-ī-be will be thrown for, will be spoken for

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Ḳīyu reba bēda pallū.
Ḳīyu reb-a bēd-a ∅-pall-ū
3fs.NOM man-OBL.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG NFUT-give\ACT-FEM.SG
"She gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Rebi bēda pallī.
Reb-i bēd-a ∅-pall-ī
man-NOM.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG NFUT-give\PASS-MASC.SG
"The man is given a book."
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