Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-dān'' || ''nu-dān-em'' || was heavy, pressed down || ''ni-dēn'' || ''ni-dēn-em'' || was pressed down
  | ''nu-dān'' || ''nu-dān-am'' || was heavy, pressed down || ''ni-dīn'' || ''ni-dīn-am'' || was pressed down
  |-
  |-
! Present
| ''dān'' || ''dān-em'' || is heavy, presses down || ''dēn'' || ''dēn-em'' || is pressed down
|-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''dūn'' || ''dūn-em'' || will be heavy, will press down || ''dīn'' || ''dīn-em'' || will be pressed down
  | ''dān'' || ''dān-am'' || will be heavy, will press down || ''dīn'' || ''dīn-am'' || will be pressed down
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  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣras-śa'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-śa-m'' || made throw, made say || ''ni-ṣres-śa'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-śa-m'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  | ''nu-ṣraś-śa'' || ''nu-ṣraś-ś-âm'' || made throw, made say || ''ni-ṣriś-śa'' || ''ni-ṣriś-ś-âm'' || was made to throw, was made to say
|-
! Present
| ''ṣaras-śa'' || ''ṣars-a-śa-m'' || makes throw, makes say || ''ṣares-śa'' || ''ṣers-a-śa-m'' || is made to throw, is made to say
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  |-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣarus-śa'' || ''ṣurs-a-śa-m'' || will make throw, will make say || ''ṣaris-śa'' || ''ṣirs-a-śa-m'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  | ''ṣaraś-śa'' || ''ṣars-a-ś-âm'' || will make throw, will make say || ''ṣariś-śa'' || ''ṣars-a-ś-âm'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣras-ku'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-ku-m'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ni-ṣres-ku'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-ku-m'' || was thrown to, was spoken to
  | ''nu-ṣras-ku'' || ''nu-ṣras-k-ûm'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ni-ṣris-ku'' || ''ni-ṣris-k-ûm'' || was thrown to, was spoken to
  |-
  |-
! Present
| ''ṣaras-ku'' || ''ṣars-a-ku-m'' || throws to, speaks to || ''ṣares-ku'' || ''ṣers-a-ku-m'' || is thrown to, is spoken to
|-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣarus-ku'' || ''ṣurs-a-ku-m'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''ṣaris-ku'' || ''ṣirs-a-ku-m'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  | ''ṣaras-ku'' || ''ṣars-a-k-ûm'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''ṣaris-ku'' || ''ṣars-a-k-ûm'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 09:38, 11 October 2020

Vrkhazhian verbs are called ʾāṣṣarēsan (singular ʾāṣṣarēsa). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root. The verb only conjugates for three tenses (past, present, and future), two voices (active and passive), and two numbers (singular and plural).

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular, it is called ṣaras because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

(Triliteral Verbs)

(Full Verbs)

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras nu-ṣras-em threw, said ni-ṣris ni-ṣris-am was thrown, was said
Future ṣaras ṣars-am will throw, will say ṣaris ṣars-am will be thrown, will be said

(Fused Verbs)

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???

y-b-l (to smell, to taste)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nū-bal nū-bal-am smelled, tasted nī-bil nī-bil-am was smelled, was tasted
Future yabal yabl-am will smell, will taste yabil yabl-am will be smelled, will be tasted

(Short Verbs)

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???.

d-w-l (to dig out, to remove, to reveal, to uncover)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-dūl nu-dūl-am dug out, revealed ni-dīl ni-dīl-am was dug out, was revealed
Future dūl dūl-am will dig out, will reveal dīl dīl-am will be dug out, will be revealed

(Cut Verbs)

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes elided while lengthening the preceding vowel.

n-ś-y (to want, to desire)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-nśu nu-nś-âm wanted, desired ni-nśi ni-nś-âm was wanted, was desired
Future naśu naś-âm will want, will desire naśi naś-âm will be wanted, will be desired

(Biliteral Verbs)

There are a lot of verbal roots consisting of only two radicals, the forms they take when conjugated are very similar to middle weak verbs, except in the past tense.

d-n (to be heavy, to press down)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-dān nu-dān-am was heavy, pressed down ni-dīn ni-dīn-am was pressed down
Future dān dān-am will be heavy, will press down dīn dīn-am will be pressed down

Extensions To the Verb

The Instrumental-Causative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣraś-śa nu-ṣraś-ś-âm made throw, made say ni-ṣriś-śa ni-ṣriś-ś-âm was made to throw, was made to say
Future ṣaraś-śa ṣars-a-ś-âm will make throw, will make say ṣariś-śa ṣars-a-ś-âm will be made to throw, will be made to say

The Dative-Locative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras-ku nu-ṣras-k-ûm threw to, spoke to ni-ṣris-ku ni-ṣris-k-ûm was thrown to, was spoken to
Future ṣaras-ku ṣars-a-k-ûm will throw to, will speak to ṣaris-ku ṣars-a-k-ûm will be thrown to, will be spoken to

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Ḳūya ʾāwi bēdu pālku.
Ḳūya ʾāw-i bēd-u pāl-ku-∅
3fs.NOM man-OBL.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\ACT.PRES-APL-SG
"She gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

ʾĀwe bēdu pēlku.
ʾĀw-e bēd-u pēl-ku-∅
man-NOM.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\PASS.PRES-APL-SG
"The man is given a book."
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