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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> '''ᚹᚨᚱᛖ ᛏᚨᚹᚨ ᛃᛁ ᚡᚨᛚᛁᚹᚨᚱᛖ ᚨᛝ'''</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> Ware Tawa yi Valiware ań</div>
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| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">THE GRAMMAR OF VALIWARE</div>
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| ==Pronunciation table== | | ==Pronunciation table== |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;" | | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |
| !
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| ! colspan="3" | '''Codas'''
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| ! colspan="10" | '''Initials'''
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| ! colspan="5" | '''Vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! Latin | | ! Latin |
| | ! a |
| | ! e |
| | ! f |
| | ! h |
| | ! i |
| | ! k |
| | ! l |
| ! m | | ! m |
| ! n | | ! n |
| ! ń | | ! ń |
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| | ! o |
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| | ! r |
| | ! s |
| ! t | | ! t |
| ! k | | ! u |
| ! s
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| ! f
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| ! v | | ! v |
| ! h
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| ! r
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| ! l
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| ! w | | ! w |
| ! y | | ! y |
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| |
| |
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| ! i
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| ! e
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| ! a
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| ! o
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| ! u
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| |- | | |- |
| ! Runes | | ! Runes |
| | | ᚨ |
| | | ᛖ |
| | | ᚠ |
| | | ᚻ |
| | | ᛁ |
| | | ᚳ |
| | | ᛚ |
| | ᛗ | | | ᛗ |
| | ᚾ | | | ᚾ |
| | ᛝ | | | ᛝ |
| !
| | | ᛟ |
| !
| | | ᚱ |
| | | ᛋ |
| | ᛏ | | | ᛏ |
| | ᚳ | | | ᚢ |
| | ᛋ
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| | ᚠ
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| | ᚡ | | | ᚡ |
| | ᚻ
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| | ᛚ
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| | ᚱ
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| | ᚹ | | | ᚹ |
| | ᛃ | | | ᛃ |
| !
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| !
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| | ᛁ
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| | ᛖ
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| | ᚨ
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| | ᛟ
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| | ᚢ
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| |- | | |- |
| ! IPA | | ! IPA |
| | | /a/ |
| | | /β/ |
| | | /e/ |
| | | /i/ |
| | | /j/ |
| | | /k/ |
| | | /l/ |
| | /m/ | | | /m/ |
| | /n/ | | | /n/ |
| | /ŋ/ | | | /ŋ/ |
| !
| | | /o/ |
| !
| | | /ɾ/ |
| | | /s/ |
| | /t/ | | | /t/ |
| | /k/ | | | /u/ |
| | /s/ | | | /w/ |
| | /φ/ | | | /φ/ |
| | /β/
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| | /h/ | | | /h/ |
| | /ɾ/
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| | /l/
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| | /w/
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| | /j/
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| !
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| !
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| | /i/
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| | /e/
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| | /a/
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| | /o/
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| | /u/
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| |} | | |} |
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| ==Phonology==
| | ==Consonants== |
| ===Consonants===
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| ! | | ! |
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| ! rowspan="2" | Fricatives | | ! rowspan="2" | Fricatives |
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| | h /h/<br>''ᚻ''' | | | h /h/<br>'''ᚻ''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! voiced | | ! voiced |
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| |} | | |} |
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| ====Notes====
| | ===Notes=== |
| *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> <m> becomes the [[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental]] /ɱ/ before the bilabials <f> and <v>. | | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> /m/ becomes the [[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental]] /ɱ/ before the labiodentals /φ/ and /β/. |
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| ===Vowels===
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| | ==Vowels== |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |
| ! | | ! |
| ! Front | | ! Front |
| ||
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| ! Central | | ! Central |
| ||
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| ! Back | | ! Back |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Close | | ! Close |
| | i /i/<br>'''ᛁ''' | | | i /i/<br>'''ᛁ''' |
| !
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| | | | | |
| !
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| | u /u/<br>'''ᚢ''' | | | u /u/<br>'''ᚢ''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Close-mid | | ! Close Mid |
| | e /e/<br>'''ᛖ''' | | | e /e/<br>'''ᛖ''' |
| !
| | | |
| | | |
| !
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| | o /o/<br>'''ᛟ''' | | | o /o/<br>'''ᛟ''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Open | | ! Open |
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| !
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| | a /ä/<br>'''ᚨ''' | | | a /ä/<br>'''ᚨ''' |
| !
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| |} | | |} |
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| ==Grammar== | | ==Example== |
| ===General Notes===
| | *All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. |
| *'''001.''' The word order in Valiware is SVO, subject-verb-object. | | *'''Օwe nuńwu wolo rile ok otu usa ve sańo yuń o sati yi.''' |
| *'''002.''' The word is accented on the penultimate syllable. | | *ᛟᚹᛖ ᚾᚢᛝᚹᚢ ᚹᛟᛚᛟ ᚱᛁᛚᛖ ᛟᛣ ᛟᛏᚢ ᚢᛋᚨ ᚡᛖ ᛋᚨᛝᛟ ᛃᚢᛝ ᛟ ᛋᚨᛏᛁ ᛃᛁ. |
| *'''003.''' Valiware [[Wikipedia:Syllable|syllables]] have the structure CV(N), where N is one of the three nasal consonants. All consonants can appear in the initial position. | | |
| *'''004.''' There are no diphthongs.
| | *They are endowed with reason and conscience |
| *'''005.''' In Valiware CVCV words are not specific to any one function. Function is determined by the absence or presence of pronouns, prepositions, particles, ''etc.'', ''e.g.'', the word '''sewu''', make, cause. | | *'''Etu yuń o fuwi yuń ye sa yi''' |
| ::Verb: '''Ne he sewu rune ań''', I made/caused the fire. The pronoun '''ne''' and the past particle '''he''' show that '''sewu''' is a verb.
| | *ᛖᛏᚢ ᛃᚢᛝ ᛟ ᚠᚢᚹᛁ ᛃᚢᛝ ᛃᛖ ᛋᚨ ᛃᛁ |
| ::Noun: '''Suya ń resi sewu ań''', The rain is the cause of the flood. The definite article '''ań''' shows that '''sewu''' is a noun.
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| ::Preposition: '''Sewu ve suya ń, ne he yaka ve yavi yuń''', Because of the rain I stayed home. The preposition '''ve''' shows that '''sewu''' is part of a compound preposition.
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| ::Conjunction: '''Sewu sa rale, ne yeri ruma fa''', Because he is sick, I can't go. With no indicators, '''sewu''' is a conjunction.
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| ===Verbs ('''Hatola Nira yi''')===
| | *and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
| *'''006.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). | | *'''o wa sońa weńwa wiva ve wasi ńo wila ve ńohita wafa.''' |
| *'''007.''' There is no change in the form of the verb for subject agreement. Other semantic notions are expressed by verb markers.
| | *ᛟ ᚹᚨ ᛋᛟᛝᚨ ᚹᛖᛝᚹᚨ ᚹᛁᚡᚨ ᚡᛖ ᚹᚨᛋᛁ ᛝᛟᛗ ᚹᛁᛚᚨ ᚡᛖ ᛝᛟᚻᛁᛏᚨ ᚹᚨᚠᚨ. |
| *'''008.''' The base form of the verb refers to the present tense, the future tense, or an habitual action:
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| :::'''hova''', speak; '''Sa hova''', He speaks.
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| :::'''Sa hova Valiware''', He speaks Valiware.
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| *'''009.''' To indicate that an action or state is in progress at the moment of speech, the progressive verb marker (PRG) '''fe''' is used.
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| :::'''fińa''', sing; '''Sa fe fińa ńam''', He is singing now.
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| :::'''avi''', arrive; '''Nuvo ań fe avi ńam''', The woman is arriving now.
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| *'''010.''' The verb marker '''he''' indicates the past tense:
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| :::'''fińa''', sing; '''Sa he fińa fel savi ''', He sang yesterday.
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| :::'''avi''', arrive; '''Nuvo ań he avi fel savi''', The woman arrived yesterday.
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| *'''011.''' The verb marker '''ke''' indicates that an action occured before another past action, ''i.e.'', the past perfect tense.
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| :::'''Ne ke ya fel he tohi.'''
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| :::I ate (had eaten) before I left.
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| *'''012.''' Modal auxiliaries are placed immediately before the main verb. They may be preceded by verb markers:
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| ::Ability: '''yeri''', to be able:
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| :::'''Vi yeri indu ka ?'''
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| :::Can you swim?
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| ::Wish: '''neki''', to want, wish, desire:
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| :::'''Ne he neki uńwa fa.'''
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| :::I didn't want to get up.
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| ::Permission: '''fiva''', to permit
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| :::'''Ne fiva tohi ka?'''
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| :::May I leave?
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| ::Preference: '''maha''', to prefer, would rather:
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| :::'''Ne maha ala infi yuń.'''
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| :::I'd rather drink water.
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| ::Habitualness: '''saman''', usual:
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| :::'''Ne uńwa vana lańi.'''
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| :::I usually get up early.
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| ::::'''Ne he uńwa vana hino.'''
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| ::::I used to get up late.
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| ::Obligation: '''weva''', have to, ought, must:
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| :::'''Ne weva vasa s.'''
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| :::I have to awaken her.
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| ::Need: '''feso''', need:
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| :::'''Bala ń feso vońa.'''
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| :::The baby needs to sleep.
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| *'''013.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
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| *'''014.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the verb marker '''te''': '''Sa te hero n''', She may love me.
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| *'''015.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood uses the base form of the verb without a subject: '''Hero n''', Love me.
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| ::A more polite form of the imperative uses the phrase '''wa yeri''', if able:
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| ::: '''Wa yeri hero n''', Love me.
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| *'''016.''' The [[Wikipedia:Hortative#cohortative|cohortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive]] moods are formed with the verb '''kena''' with the appropriate pronoun following: | |
| :::''Kena sa fińa''', Let him sing.
| |
| *'''017.''' The conjunction '''wa''', if, is used to express conditions. If the action or event linked to the condition is likely to occur or is real, no verb marker is used in the conditional clause:
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| :::'''Wa rińo yi taza, ne neri fam.'''
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| :::If the apples are good, I'll buy some.
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| ::If the conditional action or event is doubtful or hypothetical, the verb marker '''ke''' is used in the conditional clause and '''le''' in the main clause:
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| :::'''Wa rińo yi ke taza, ne le neri fam.'''
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| :::If the apples were good, I'd buy some.
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| *'''018.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the verb marker '''me''':
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| :::'''Wińa ń me hero''', The mother is loved.
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| :::'''Rińo ań me he fońya''', The apple was cooked.
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| *'''019.''' A verbal noun is formed by using the definite article with the base verb. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund: | |
| :::'''Ińwu ań tayi sewu kowu yi ne.'''
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| :::Swimming strengthens my limbs.
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| *'''020.''' Sentence negation is indicated with the word '''fa''':
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| :::'''Ne hero v fa.'''
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| :::I do not love you.
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| :::'''Nuvo ań wato fa.'''
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| :::The woman is not here.
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| *'''021.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle (Q) '''ka''':
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| :::'''Ne hero v.''' I love you.
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| :::'''Ne hero v ka?''', Do I love you?
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| ::The interrogative particle is not used when the sentence contains an interrogative word.
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| *'''022.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
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| :::'''Ne he yota rata ń vafo yuń.'''
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| :::I was afraid to touch a toad.
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| :::'''Sa ńeti ruma ń.'''
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| :::He wants to go.
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| ::A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
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| :::'''Ne he ńeti sa ruma ń.'''
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| :::I wanted him to go.
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| *'''023.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives by using the verb '''sewu''', make, placing the adjective before the verb: '''rifi''', wide:
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| :::'''Sa yi rifi fe sewu tańye ań.'''
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| :::They are widening the road.
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| *'''024.''' Verbs may be formed from nouns by using the verb '''asa''', happen, ''e.g.'', with '''suya''', rain.
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| :::'''Suya he asa liwe ne yi he hala.'''
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| :::It was raining when we left.
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| *'''025.''' There is no copulative verb ''to be''. The subject and predicate are stated, subject first: '''Wuya ń luvo.''' The flower is yellow.
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| **The verb '''ima''' is used at the beginning of a sentence to identify and define:
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| :::'''Ima ńeve yuń.''' It's an eagle.
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| *'''026.''' There is no verb ''to have''. This is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''ye''', of:
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| :::'''Wuya yuń ye ne.'''
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| :::I have a flower.
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| :::'''Hum wuya ye ne.'''
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| :::This flower belongs to me.
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| ===Nouns ('''Suwi Nira yi''')===
| | *Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1 |
| *'''027.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. | |
| *'''028.''' There are no noun classes in Valiware.
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| *'''029.''' The direct object precedes the indirect object.
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| *'''030.''' The genitive noun follows the head noun.
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| *'''031.''' Plurality is not indicated on the noun. It is indicated by changing the definite article '''ań''' to '''yi''': '''kaka''', stone; '''kaka ń''', the stone; '''kaka yi''', the stones.
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| ::If plurality is evident, the definite article is not used: '''yili kaka''', two stones; '''imi kaka''', many stones.
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| *'''032.''' Possession is indicated by having the noun referring to what is owned followed by that of the owner:
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| :::'''rińo yanla ń'''; the child's apple.
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| :::'''rińo sa''', his apple.
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| *'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives by using an adjective or a determiner: '''tiva''', short; '''tiva ń''', shortness.
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| *'''034.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs and nouns with the suffix '''-ta''': '''nura''', begin, '''nurata''', beginning; '''hońa''', hope, '''hońata''', hope.
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| *'''035.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the word '''wayo''', person: '''yuha''', young; '''yuha wayo''', youth; '''leti''', old; '''leti wayo''', elder.
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| *'''036.''' The agent of a verb is formed with the prefix '''oń-''': '''fińa''', sing; '''ońfińa ń''', the singer.
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| *'''037.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the prefix '''wo-''': '''towa''', cut; '''wotowa ń''', the knife.
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| *'''038.''' Nouns are formed from verbs with the prefix '''ha-''': '''live''', laugh; '''halive''', laugh, laughter.
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| *'''039.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''si-''': '''nayu''', river; '''sinayu''', stream.
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| *'''040.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the adjectives '''sin''' and '''yim''' respectively: '''yanla''', child; '''sin yanla''', boy; '''yim yanla''', girl.
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| *'''041.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''tuńwi''': '''tuńwi ań vilo yi''', the flock of birds; '''tuńwi ań sine yi''', the school of fish; '''tuńwi yuń vali yi''', archipelago.
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| *'''042.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns; the modifying noun precedes the modified noun: '''tala sinayu ań''', the mountain stream.
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| ===Modifiers ('''Fatota Nira yi''')===
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| *'''043.''' In Valiware grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
| |
| | |
| ====Adjectives ('''Lamo Nira yi''')====
| |
| *'''044.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
| |
| *'''045.''' Adjectives and determiners precede the nouns they qualify.
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| *'''046.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the [[Wikipedia:Elative (gradation)|elative]] (ELT), is formed with the adverb '''fen''', more: '''yuva''', young; '''fen yuva''', younger, youngest. The standard of comparison follows the adjective .
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| **In comparisons ''than'' is translated by the conjunction '''ram''', than:
| |
| :::'''Sa fen yuva ram ne.'''
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| :::He is younger than I.
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| :::'''Sa fudu fen geha ram ne.'''
| |
| :::He runs faster than I do.
| |
| *'''047.''' Negative comparison is formed with the adverb '''kam''', less: '''lere''', distant; '''kam lere''', less/least distant.
| |
| *'''048.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the word '''yin''', as:
| |
| :::'''Hum wuya sona yin yira yuń.'''
| |
| :::This flower is as red as blood.
| |
| *'''049.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
| |
| *'''050.''' There are two participles in Valiware.
| |
| ::'''a.''' The present participle is formed by using the present form of the verb as an adjective: '''ińwu sine ań''', the swimming fish. ''The fish is swimming'' would be '''Sine ań ińwu'''.
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| ::'''b.''' The past participle is formed by using the past form of the verb as an adjective: '''he vota tena ń''', the sunken boat. ''The boat sank'' would be '''Tena ń he vota'''.
| |
| *'''051.''' Nouns of material may be used like adjectives: '''kaka yavi ań''', the stone house.
| |
| *'''052.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''fu-''': '''nemi''', even; '''funemi''', uneven.
| |
| *'''053.''' Adjectives denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root (-ish, -like) are formed with the prefix '''vo-''': '''vilo''', bird; '''vovilo''', like a bird.
| |
| *'''054.''' Adjectives denoting the quality expressed in the noun are formed with the prefix '''i-''': '''nori''', dirt; '''inori''', dirty.
| |
| *'''055.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the preposition '''sen''', without: '''hońata''', hope; '''sen hońata yuń''', hopeless.
| |
| *'''056.''' The adjective precedes the dependent verb.
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| | |
| ====Determiners ('''Mutata Nira yi''')====
| |
| *'''057.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular teomber or quantity, ''etc''.
| |
| *'''058.''' The definite article is '''ań''' and is placed after the noun: '''nuvo''', woman; '''nuvo ań''', the woman.
| |
| ::If the noun ends in '''-a''', the definite article is '''ń''': '''waka''', man; ''' waka ń''', the man.
| |
| *'''059.''' The indefinite article is '''yuń ''' and is placed after the noun: '''nuvo''', woman; '''nuvo yuń''', a woman.
| |
| ::The indefinite article is also used when no other modifier is present:
| |
| :::'''Yala yuń kawa lańi.'''
| |
| :::Morning comes early.
| |
| *'''060.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of the definite article:
| |
| :::'''Silu muso fońya.'''
| |
| :::Three women are cooking.
| |
| ::They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner:
| |
| :::'''Hum muso silu fońya.'''
| |
| :::These three women are cooking.
| |
| *'''061.''' The demonstrative determiners are '''hum''', this/these; '''sam''', that/those; and '''tiń''', yon(der): '''sam vilo''', that bird; '''hum wuya yi''', these flowers; '''tiń wula yi''', yon mountains.
| |
| *'''062.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''vun''', any.
| |
| *'''063.''' The assertive indefinite determiner is '''fam''', some.
| |
| *'''064.''' The alternative determiner is '''ńom''', other.
| |
| | |
| ====Numerals ('''Yasi yi''')====
| |
| *'''065.''' Valiware has an octal numeral system.
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| !<center>1</center>
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| !2
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| !3
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| !4
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| !5
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| !6
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| !7
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| !8
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| |-
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| |'''wami'''
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| |'''yini'''
| |
| |'''sińu'''
| |
| |'''fińe'''
| |
| |'''wuma'''
| |
| |'''tuni'''
| |
| |'''yunu'''
| |
| |'''yamo'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *'''066.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''yaro''', eight.
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>9</center>
| |
| !10
| |
| !11
| |
| !12
| |
| !13
| |
| !14
| |
| !15
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''yamwami'''
| |
| |'''yamyini'''
| |
| |'''yamsińu'''
| |
| |'''yamfińe '''
| |
| |'''yamwuma'''
| |
| |'''yamtuni'''
| |
| |'''yamyunu'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *'''067.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal, minus the final vowel, to '''yaro''', eight.
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>16</center>
| |
| !24
| |
| !32
| |
| !40
| |
| !48
| |
| !56
| |
| !64
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''wamyamo'''
| |
| |'''yinyamo'''
| |
| |'''sińyamo'''
| |
| |'''fińyamo'''
| |
| |'''wumyamo'''
| |
| |'''tunyamo'''
| |
| |'''yamyamo'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *'''068.''' Additional numbers are formed by adding the needed number as a separate word: '''yinyamo wami''', 2 8's + 1, 17; '''wumyamo sińu''', 5 8's + 3, 43.
| |
| *'''069.''' Compounds of 64 can be made by prefixing the proper ordinal to '''yamyamo''': '''yinyamyamo''', 2x8x8, 128, but the Nuńwu very rarely need to count that high.
| |
| *'''070.''' The ordinals are made by adding the suffix '''-ha''' to the cardinal number: '''yiniha''', second; '''yiniyamoyamoha''', 128<sup>th</sup>.
| |
| *'''071.''' The adverbial numbers are formed with the word '''nali''', time: '''yini nali''', twice; '''yamo nali''', eight times (''v.'' #031).
| |
| | |
| ====Adverbs ('''Wila Nira yi''')====
| |
| *'''072.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
| |
| *'''073.''' They have the same form as the adjective, but follow the verb they modify: '''vati waka ń''', the brave man; '''Sa he weńwa vati, '''He acted bravely.
| |
| *'''074.''' The elative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as for adjectives; '''vati''', bravely; '''fen vati''', more bravely.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Pronouns ('''Malata Nira yi''')===
| |
| *'''075.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Valiware.
| |
| *'''076.''' Personal pronouns have only the one form which is used for the subject, the object and the possessive.
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !
| |
| !Subject
| |
| !Object
| |
| !Adjective
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ne
| |
| | align=center |I
| |
| | align=center |me
| |
| | align=center |mine
| |
| |-
| |
| ! vi
| |
| | align=center |you (sg.)
| |
| | align=center |you
| |
| | align=center |your
| |
| |-
| |
| ! sa
| |
| | align=center |he, she, it
| |
| | align=center |him, her, it
| |
| | align=center |his, hers, its
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ne yi
| |
| | align=center |we
| |
| | align=center |us
| |
| | align=center |our
| |
| |-
| |
| ! vi yi
| |
| | align=center |you (pl.)
| |
| | align=center |you
| |
| | align=center |your
| |
| |-
| |
| ! sa yi
| |
| | align=center |they
| |
| | align=center |them
| |
| | align=center |their
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *'''077.''' When used as the object of a verb or preposition, the personal pronouns lose their vowel:
| |
| :::I love you.
| |
| :::'''Ne hero v.'''
| |
| :::You love me.
| |
| :::'''Vi hero n.'''
| |
| *'''078.''' There are three interrogative pronouns: '''nińu''', who; '''yańu''', what; and '''teńu''', which.
| |
| ::The interrogative adjective is also '''teńu'''.
| |
| *'''079.''' There are three relative pronouns: '''niwe''', who; '''yawe''', what; and '''tewe''', which.
| |
| ::The relative adjective is also '''tewe'''.
| |
| :::'''Eńyi yuń niwe hova Valiware ye n.'''
| |
| :::I have a friend who speaks Valiware.
| |
| :::'''Wuńfu yuń tewe wose ye n.'''
| |
| :::I have a room which is empty.
| |
| ::When the relative adjective is used, the relative pronoun must also be used:
| |
| :::'''Teńu yavi teńu taru?'''
| |
| :::Which house is burning.
| |
| *'''080.''' With verbs of perception, assertion and knowing the relative pronoun is not used:
| |
| :::'''Ne witi vi rala.'''
| |
| :::I see (that) you are sick.
| |
| :::'''Sa nofo sa he hala.'''
| |
| :::He thinks (that) she left.
| |
| :::'''Ne yi vańa vi hala.'''
| |
| :::We know (that) you are leaving.
| |
| *'''081.''' When a specified noun is modified by a relative clause, the definite determiner is placed after the clause, not after the noun:
| |
| :::'''Heńu rińo yi tewe vi he neri ań?'''
| |
| :::Where are the apples (that) you bought?
| |
| *'''082.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the personal pronoun as both subject and object:
| |
| :::'''Ne he fori n.'''
| |
| :::I hurt myself.
| |
| *'''083.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the adjective '''vaya''', same:
| |
| :::'''Ne vaya ruma.'''
| |
| :::I myself will go.
| |
| *'''084.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative determiners, '''humu''', this; '''humu yi''', these; '''sama''', that; '''sama yi''', those; '''tińo''', yon; '''tińo yi''', yon:
| |
| :::'''Ne ńeti sama yi.'''
| |
| :::I want those.
| |
| *'''085.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners:
| |
| :::'''vun wayo''', anyone, anybody, '''vun nońo''', anything
| |
| :::'''fam wayo''', someone, somebody; '''fam nońo''', something
| |
| :::'''fa wayo''', no one, no body; '''fa nońo''', nothing.
| |
| :::'''sań wayo''', every one, every body; '''sań nońo''', every thing.
| |
| *'''086.''' There are no possessive pronouns; the concept is expressed with a possessive expression, '''ye''' + pronoun:
| |
| :::'''Hum wuya ye vi, sana ye ne.'''
| |
| :::This is your flower, that is mine.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Prepositions ('''Riwata Nira yi''')===
| |
| *'''087.''' Valiware uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
| |
| *'''088.''' The prepositions are classed as either simple or compound.
| |
| ::'''a.''' Simple prepositions are single words:
| |
| :::'''Heve ań ve nasa ń.'''
| |
| :::The egg is on the table.
| |
| ::'''b.''' Compound prepositions are composed of a noun and the preposition '''ve''':
| |
| :::'''Sewu ve suya ń, he ima resi yuń.'''
| |
| :::Because of the rain, there was a flood.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Conjunctions ('''Vońwata Nira yi''')===
| |
| *'''089.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
| |
| *'''090.''' In Valiware there are three types of conjunctions.
| |
| ::'''a.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance:
| |
| :::'''Ne sin ńohi o ne vuta rińo yi o simne yi.'''
| |
| :::My brother and I like apples and pears.
| |
| ::'''b.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance:
| |
| :::'''Vi u ya hole tane yuń u reva.'''
| |
| :::You will either eat your supper or go to bed.
| |
| ::'''c.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause:
| |
| :::'''Ńim sa rala, he ya yala tane yuń.'''
| |
| :::Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==Octal Table==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !<center>1</center>
| |
| !2
| |
| !3
| |
| !4
| |
| !5
| |
| !6
| |
| !7
| |
| !8
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''wami'''
| |
| |'''yini'''
| |
| |'''sińu'''
| |
| |'''fińe'''
| |
| |'''wuma'''
| |
| |'''tuni'''
| |
| |'''yunu'''
| |
| |'''yamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>9</center>
| |
| !10
| |
| !11
| |
| !12
| |
| !13
| |
| !14
| |
| !15
| |
| !16
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''yamwami '''
| |
| |'''yamyini'''
| |
| |'''yamsińu'''
| |
| |'''yamfińe '''
| |
| |'''yamwuma '''
| |
| |'''yamtuni'''
| |
| |'''yamyunu'''
| |
| |'''yinyamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>17</center>
| |
| !18
| |
| !19
| |
| !20
| |
| !21
| |
| !22
| |
| !23
| |
| !24
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''yinyamwami'''
| |
| |'''yinyamyini'''
| |
| |'''yinyamsińu '''
| |
| |'''yinyamfińe'''
| |
| |'''yinyamwuma'''
| |
| |'''yinyamtuni'''
| |
| |'''yinyamyunu'''
| |
| |'''sińyamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>25</center>
| |
| !26
| |
| !27
| |
| !28
| |
| !29
| |
| !30
| |
| !31
| |
| !32
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''sińyamwami'''
| |
| |'''sińyamyini'''
| |
| |'''sińyamsińu'''
| |
| |'''sińyamfińe'''
| |
| |'''sińyamwuma'''
| |
| |'''sińyamtuni'''
| |
| |'''sińyamyunu'''
| |
| |'''fińyamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>33</center>
| |
| !34
| |
| !35
| |
| !36
| |
| !37
| |
| !38
| |
| !39
| |
| !40
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''fińyamwami'''
| |
| |'''fińyamyini'''
| |
| |'''fińyamsińu'''
| |
| |'''fińyamfińe'''
| |
| |'''fińyamwuma'''
| |
| |'''fińyamtuni'''
| |
| |'''fińyamyunu'''
| |
| |'''wumyamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>41</center>
| |
| !42
| |
| !43
| |
| !44
| |
| !45
| |
| !46
| |
| !47
| |
| !48
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''wumyamwami'''
| |
| |'''wumyamyini'''
| |
| |'''wumyamsińu'''
| |
| |'''wumyamfińe'''
| |
| |'''wumyamwuma'''
| |
| |'''wumyamtuni'''
| |
| |'''wumyamyunu'''
| |
| |'''tunyamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>49</center>
| |
| !50
| |
| !51
| |
| !52
| |
| !53
| |
| !54
| |
| !55
| |
| !56
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''tunyamwami'''
| |
| |'''tunyamyini'''
| |
| |'''tunyamsińu'''
| |
| |'''tunyamfińe'''
| |
| |'''tunyamwuma'''
| |
| |'''tunyamtuni'''
| |
| |'''tunyarmyunu'''
| |
| |'''yunyamo'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>57</center>
| |
| !58
| |
| !59
| |
| !60
| |
| !61
| |
| !62
| |
| !63
| |
| !64
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''yunyamwami'''
| |
| |'''yunyamyini'''
| |
| |'''yunyamsińu'''
| |
| |'''yunyamfińe'''
| |
| |'''yunyamwuma'''
| |
| |'''yunyamtuni'''
| |
| |'''yunyamyunu'''
| |
| |'''yamyamo'''
| |
| |}
| |
