Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions
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All nouns are declined in one of three cases, which are the nominative, the oblique, and the instrumental. | All nouns are declined in one of three cases, which are the nominative, the oblique, and the instrumental. | ||
The nominative case indicates the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb. The accusative case indicates the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. It also indicates the possessor of a genitive construction as well as the object of a preposition | The nominative case indicates the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb. The accusative case indicates the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. It also indicates the possessor of a genitive construction as well as the object of a preposition. | ||
{| | {| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''māǧd-e'' || ''māǧd- | | ''māǧd-e'' || ''māǧd-en'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Oblique | ! Oblique | ||
| ''māǧd-i'' || ''māǧd- | | ''māǧd-i'' || ''māǧd-in'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''ʾāy-a'' || ''ʾāy- | | ''ʾāy-a'' || ''ʾāy-an'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Oblique | ! Oblique | ||
| ''ʾāy-u'' || ''ʾāy- | | ''ʾāy-u'' || ''ʾāy-un'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Oblique | ! Oblique | ||
| ''samūl'' || ''samūl-ī'' | | ''samūl'' || ''samūl-ī'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Oblique | ! Oblique | ||
| ''ʾēger'' || ''ēger-ū'' | | ''ʾēger'' || ''ēger-ū'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 10:12, 12 February 2020
Vrkhazhian nouns are called maḡimud (singular maḡimu). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, allative, and ablative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. These genders are based on sex and strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.
ʾIpālage ʾAṣrēsu (Noun inflection)
All nouns are declined in one of three cases, which are the nominative, the oblique, and the instrumental.
The nominative case indicates the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb. The accusative case indicates the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. It also indicates the possessor of a genitive construction as well as the object of a preposition.
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Noun states
Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "states". There are two states: the governed state (???), or status rectus, and the construct state (???), or status constructus. The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the oblique case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun or adjective. In Vrkhazhian, the head noun and the modifying noun/adjective are called ??? and ???, respectively. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.
When a noun is placed in the construct state, it is stripped of its gender-case ending. In addition to this, the last consonant of the noun expresses a polarity in voicing; if the last consonant of the noun is voiceless, it becomes voiced and if the last consonant of the noun is voiced, it becomes voiceless. Furthermore, many nouns possess irregular forms in the construct state, as exemplified below:
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Noun derivation
Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:
Dsuri / Dusri Dasrawi Padsuri Dassari
Dsira / Disra Dasraya Madsira Dasrira
dusri/daskar OR dusri/dasyar/desīr
disra/duskur OR disra/daswar/dosūr
