Verbs in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian verbs are called ṣarhəwwən (singular ṣarhəwwə). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root. The verb only conjugates for three tenses (past, present, and future), two voices (active and passive), and two numbers (singular and plural).

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular, it is called ṣarah because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

Ṣarhup ʾAx̣šuyi (Triliteral Verbs)

Ṣarhəwwən Šəǧǧišən (Full Verbs)

ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-ṣrah	nu-ṣarh-əm	threw, said	ni-ṣrəh	ni-ṣərh-əm	was thrown, was said
Present	ṣarah	ṣarh-əm	throws, says	ṣarəh	ṣərh-əm	is thrown, is said
Future	ṣaruh	ṣurh-əm	will throw, will say	ṣarih	ṣirh-əm	will be thrown, will be said

Ṣarhəwwən Šəgšagən (Fused Verbs)

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and the past tense prefix nu- simply becomes nə- in the singular.

y-b-ž (to smell)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nə-ybaž	nu-yabž-əm	smelled	nə-ybəž	ni-yəbž-əm	was smelled
Present	yabaž	yabž-əm	smell	yabəž	yəbž-əm	is smelled
Future	yabuž	yubž-əm	will smell	yabiž	yibž-əm	will be smelled

Ṣarhəwwən Ləšlašən (Short Verbs)

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.

d-w-l (to dig out, to remove, to reveal, to uncover)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-dwal	nu-dawl-əm	dug out, revealed	ni-dwəl	ni-dəwl-əm	was dug out, was revealed
Present	dawal	dawl-əm	dig out, reveal	dawəl	dəwl-əm	is dug out, is revealed
Future	dul	dul-əm	will dig out, will reveal	dul	dul-əm	will be dug out, will be revealed

Ṣarhəwwən Nərruṣ́ən (Cut Verbs)

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.

n-š-y (to want, to desire)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-nšay	nu-našy-əm	wanted, desired	ni-nšəy	ni-nəšy-əm	was wanted, was desired
Present	našay	našy-əm	want, desire	našəy	nəšy-əm	is wanted, is desired
Future	naši	nušy-əm	will want, will desire	naši	nišy-əm	will be wanted, will be desired

Ṣarhup ʾAśduri (Biliteral Verbs)

There are a lot of verbal roots consisting of only two radicals.

d-n (to be heavy, to press down)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-dan	nu-dan-əm	was heavy, pressed down	ni-dən	ni-dən-əm	was pressed down
Present	dan	dan-əm	is heavy, presses down	dən	dən-əm	is pressed down
Future	dun	dun-əm	will be heavy, will press down	din	din-əm	will be pressed down

Extensions To the Verb

The Instrumental-Causative Applicative

ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-ṣrah-śa	nu-ṣarh-a-śa-m	made throw, made say	ni-ṣrəh-śa	ni-ṣərh-a-śa-m	was made to throw, was made to say
Present	ṣarah-śa	ṣarh-a-śa-m	makes throw, makes say	ṣarəh-śa	ṣərh-a-śa-m	is made to throw, is made to say
Future	ṣaruh-śa	ṣurh-a-śa-m	will make throw, will make say	ṣarih-śa	ṣirh-a-śa-m	will be made to throw, will be made to say

The Dative-Locative Applicative

ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-ṣrah-ku	nu-ṣarh-a-ku-m	threw to, spoke to	ni-ṣrəh-ku	ni-ṣərh-a-ku-m	was thrown to, was spoken to
Present	ṣarah-ku	ṣarh-a-ku-m	throws to, speak to	ṣarəh-ku	ṣərh-a-ku-m	is thrown to, is spoken to
Future	ṣaruh-ku	ṣurh-a-ku-m	will throw to, will speak to	ṣarih-ku	ṣirh-a-ku-m	will be thrown to, will be spoken to

The Benefactive-Malefactive Applicative

ṣ-r-h (to throw, to say)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Past	nu-ṣrah-di	nu-ṣarh-a-di-m	threw to, spoke to	ni-ṣrəh-di	ni-ṣərh-a-di-m	was thrown to, was spoken to
Present	ṣarah-di	ṣarh-a-di-m	throws to, speak to	ṣarəh-di	ṣərh-a-di-m	is thrown to, is spoken to
Future	ṣaruh-di	ṣurh-a-di-m	will throw to, will speak to	ṣarih-di	ṣirh-a-di-m	will be thrown to, will be spoken to

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme. The theme of the verb is indicated with the instrumental prefix sa-.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Ḳa tuhazə sabəda palku.

Ḳa	tu-haz-ə	sa-bəd-a	pal-ku-∅
3fs.NOM	ACC-man-MASC.SG	INS-book-FEM.SG	give\ACT.PRES-APL-SG

"She gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Pəlku hazə sabəda.

Pəl-ku-∅	∅-haz-ə	sa-bəd-a
give\PASS.PRES-APL-SG	NOM-man-MASC.SG	INS-book-FEM.SG

"The man is given a book."