Ibapan - Grammar: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
===Phonemes===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!Latin
!A a
!B b
!D d
!E e
!I i
!Y y
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!P p
!R r
!S s
!T t
!U u
!F f
!H h
!Ŧ ŧ
|-
!Cyrillic
|А а
|Б б
|Д д
|Е е
|И и
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|Й й
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|Х х
|Ҫ ҫ
|-
!IPA
|/ä/
|/b/
|/d/
|/e/
|/i/
|/j/
|/l/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/p/
|/ɾ/
|/s/
|/t/
|/u/
|/f/
|/h/
|/θ/
|-
!Ibapan
|−
|Π
|T
|=
|≡
|ᗑ
|𐐤
|𐋅
|ⵖ
|⸫
|Ⳙ
|ⵐ
|Ꞁ
|Ʇ
|⸪
|Ш
|Ⰽ
|⅄
|-
!Name
|a
|ba
|da
|e
|i
|yi
|li
|mi
|ni
|o
|po
|ro
|so
|to
|u
|fu
|hu
|ŧu
|}
===Phoneme Tables===
====Table of Vowels====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! &nbsp;
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
| align=center | <nowiki><i></nowiki><br>/i/
| align=center |
| align=center | <nowiki><u></nowiki><br>/u/
|-
!Close-mid
| align=center | <e><br>/e/
| align=center |
| align=center | <o><br>/o/
|-
!Open
| align=center |
| align=center | <a><br>/a/
| align=center |
|}
====Table of Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! &nbsp;
! Bilabial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Glottal
|-
! Nasals
| align=center | m /m/
| align=center |
| align=center | n /n/
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
! Voiceless Stops
| align=center | p /p/
| align=center | t /t/
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
!Voiced Stops
| align=center | b /b/
| align=center | d /d/
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
! Non-sibilant Fricatives
| align=center | f /φ/
| align=center | ŧ /θ/
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | h /h/
|-
! Sibilant Fricatives
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | s /s/
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
! Approximants
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | y /j/
| align=center |
|-
! Tap
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | r /ɾ/
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
! Lateral Approximant
| align=center |
| align=center | l /l/
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|}
==Grammar==
===Word Order===
*'''001.''' Ibapan word order is SVO, subject-verb-object. In interrogative sentences the word order is VSO.
*'''002.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
*'''003.''' The genitive noun follows the head noun.
*'''004.''' Adjectives and determiners precede the nouns they qualify.
*'''005.''' The adjective follows the standard of comparison.
*'''006.''' The dependent verb precedes the auxiliary verb.
*'''007.''' The adjective precedes the dependent verb.
*'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
*'''009.''' Adverbials of time precede those of space.
*'''010.''' Particles modifying sentences are placed first in the sentence.
===Verbs===
*'''011.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
*'''012.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs. There are two tenses in Ibapan, past, and non-past.
*'''013.''' The verb in the non-past tense is marked with the pre-particle '''pe-'''.
::'''ehera''', love; '''Hu pe-ehera''', I love.
::'''hepo''', do; ''' Ŧe pe-hepo''', he does.
*'''014.''' The past tense is marked with the pre-particle '''pa-'''.
::'''rito''', cook; '''Hu pa-rito''', I cooked.
::'''sesi''', sew; ''' Ŧe pa-sedi''', she sewed.
*'''015.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
*'''016.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the pre-particles '''me''' or '''ma''': '''Ŧe me-ehera hune''', She may love me.
*'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood uses the unmarked form of the verb; '''Ehera hune''', Love me.
*'''018.''' The  [[Wikipedia:Hortative#cohortative|cohortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the pre-particle '''ye-''' with the appropriate pronoun following in the objective form: '''ye-eola ŧene ''', Let him sing.
*'''019.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the post-particle '''ni''': '''yu nifiso pe-ehera ni''', The mother is loved; '''yu nomu pa-rito ni''', The apple was cooked.
*'''020.''' A verbal noun is formed by preceding the verb with the definite article. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund: '''yu paye otuha pe-ruo yu nimotene ua hune ''', Swimming strengthens my limbs.
*'''021.''' Sentence negation is indicated by the use of the negative particle '''uahe''': '''hu pe-ehera uahe''', I do not love.
*'''022.''' A question is indicated by changing the sentence order to VSO: '''hu pe-ehera tane''', I love you; '''pe-ehera hu tane?''', Do I love you?
*'''023.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, precede the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent: '''hu yu-hehi pa-ŧuŧa  ŧusapetene''', I was afraid to touch a toad; '''ŧe yu-are pe-bimo''', He wants to go.
::A direct object is placed between the infinitive and the verb: '''hu yu-are ŧene pa-bimo''', I wanted him to go.
*'''024.''' Verbs may be formed from perceptible nouns and from adjectives by using them as verbs: '''epofu''', flower,: '''yu sulute pa-epofu habeti''', The roses bloomed yesterday.
*'''025.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives by using the verb '''ruo''', make: '''biso''', wide; ''' Ŧete biso pe-ruo yu losunane''', They are widening the road.
===Nouns===
*'''026.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] ('''upuna''') are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
*'''027.''' There is no noun classes in Ibapan.
*'''028.''' A noun must be preceded by a determiner or an adjective: '''yu peliso pe-iona uli''', the man is here; '''na pelisote pe-iona uli''', men are here.
*'''029.''' Plurality is indicated by suffixing '''-te''' to the noun. The accent then shifts to the new penultimate syllable: '''pelíso''', man; '''pelisóte''', men.
*'''030.''' Possession is indicated by the preposition '''ua''', of: '''yu nomu ua yu fihopu '''; the child's apple.
*'''031.''' The suffix '''-ne''' marks the direct object of the verb: '''hu pe-dameri yu usapéne''', I see the bird. The accent shifts to the noun's new penultimate syllable.
::The suffix '''-ne''' is affixed after the plural suffix: '''hu pe-dameri yu usapenéte''', I see the birds.
*'''032.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives by using an adjective or a determiner: '''desi''', short; '''yu desi''', shortness.
*'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs by using an adjective or a determiner: '''esiho''', begin, '''yu esiho''', beginning; '''imoru''', hope, '''yu imoru''', hope.
*'''034.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed by using the word '''yunopa''', person: '''pieso''', young; '''pieso yunopa''', youth; '''hiso''', old; '''hiso yunopa''', elder.
*'''035.''' The agent of a verb is formed by using the word '''yunopa''', person: '''eola''', sing; '''yu eola yunopa''', the singer.
*'''036.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed by using the word '''isohe''', tool: '''huda''', cut; '''yu huda isohe''', the knife.
*'''037.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word: '''rasehi''', thing; '''yu upiosa rasehi''', the dream.
*'''038'''. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes '''re-''' and '''ni-''', respectively: '''fihopu''', child; '''ni-fihopu''', girl; '''re-fihopu''', boy.
*'''039'''. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by reduplication of the last two syllables: '''yu usapesape''', the flock of birds; '''yu ohufahufa''', the school of fish; '''yu pitopito''', archipelago.
*'''040.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns: '''yu duapi rufeni''', the mountain stream.
===Modifiers===
*'''041.''' In Ibapan grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers since their form does not change from class to class.
====Adjectives====
*'''041.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
*'''042.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun between it and any determiner: '''yu hemi re-fihopu''', the good boy; '''yu hemi re-fihopute''', the good boys.
*'''043.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the elative (ELT), is formed by reduplication: '''pieso''', young; '''pieso pieso''',younger, youngest.
*'''044'''. Reduplication of only the first syllable means ''very'' or ''too'': '''pipieso''', very young, too young.
*'''045.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''iyiro''', less: '''nehiso''', distant; '''iyiro nehiso''', less/least distant.
*'''046.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the word '''otu''', equal. The preposition '''uo''', as, is used with the noun of comparison: '''miaha''', white; '''otu miaha''', as white, '''uafe epofu pe-iona otu miaha uo na houpa''', This flower is as white as snow.
*'''047.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
*'''048.''' There are two participles in Ibapan.
::a. The present participle is formed by using the present form of the verb as an adjective: '''yu pe-paye ohufa''', the swimming fish.
::b. The past participle is formed by using the past form of the verb as an adjective: '''yu pa-dabosi ruemi''', the sunken boat.
*'''049.''' Nouns of material may be used like adjectives: '''yu mobu uola''', the stone house.
*'''050.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''e-''': '''unemi''', even; '''e-unemi''', uneven.
*'''051.''' '''yunui''', like, combined with a noun forms an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like:  '''usape''', bird; '''usapeyunui''', like a bird.
*'''052.''' Adjectives with the meaning "without" are expressed with the preposition '''oi''', without: '''imoru''', hope; '''oi na imoru''', hopeless.
====Determiners====
*'''053.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''.
*'''054.''' The definite article is '''yu''' placed before the noun: '''peliso''', man; '''yu peliso''', the men.
*'''055.''' The definite article is used before nouns that are used in an abstract or general sense: '''besemi''', brave; '''yu besemi''', bravery.
*'''056.''' The indefinite article is '''na''' placed before the noun: '''hapiho''', woman; '''na hapiho''', a woman. The indefinite article is also used when no other modifier is present: '''na epofute pe-epofu ie yu ieso''', Flowers bloom in the spring.
*'''057.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of the definite article: '''fiso hapihote pe-rito''', Three women are cooking. They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by an adjective or determiner: '''mare hapihote fiso pe-home''', Three sad women are crying.
*'''058.''' The demonstrative determiners are '''uafe''', this/these; and '''hiope''', that/those; '''hiope usape''', that bird; '''uafe epofute''', these flowers.
*'''059.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''hebi''', any.
*'''060.''' The assertive indefinite determine is '''mohu''', some.
====Numerals====
*'''060.''' The Ibapans have an octal numeral system.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
|-
|'''ipo'''
|'''alu'''
|'''fiso'''
|'''fiti'''
|'''ripo'''
|'''yiyo'''
|'''yiro'''
|'''hufu'''
|}
*'''061.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''hufu''', eight.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
|-
|'''hufuipo'''
|'''hufualu'''
|'''hufufiso'''
|'''hufufiti'''
|'''hufuripo'''
|'''hufuyiyo'''
|'''hufuyiro'''
|}
*'''062.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''hufu''', eight.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!16
!24
!32
!40
!48
!56
!64
|-
|'''aluhufu'''
|'''fisohufu '''
|'''fitihufu'''
|'''ripohufu'''
|'''yiyohufu'''
|'''yirohufu'''
|'''hufuhufu'''
|}
*'''063.''' Compounds of 64 can be made by prefixing the proper ordinal to '''hufuhufu''': '''aluhufuhufu''', 128, but the Ibapans seldom need to count that high.
*'''064.''' The ordinals are made by adding the suffix '''-fi''' to the cardinal number: '''alufi''', second.
*'''065.''' The adverbial numbers are made by adding the suffix '''-ŧu ''' to the ordinal number: '''aluŧu''', twice; '''hufuŧu''', eight times.
====Adverbs====
*'''066.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words  that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
*'''067.''' They have the same form as the adjective, but follow the verb they modify: '''yu besemi peliso''',  the brave man; '''ta pa-hepo besemi, '''He acted bravely.
*'''068.''' The elative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''besemi''', bravely; '''besemi besemi ''', more bravely.
===Pronouns===
*'''069.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Ibapan.
*'''070.''' The personal pronouns are '''hu''', I; '''hute''', we; '''ta''', you (''sg.''); '''tate''', you (''pl.'');  '''ŧe''', he, she, it; '''ŧete''', they.
*'''071.''' The interrogative pronoun is '''ŧafe''' which stands for the interrogative pronouns ''who'', ''what'' and ''which''.
*'''072.''' The relative pronoun is '''uru''' which stands for the relative pronouns ''who'' and ''which''.
*'''073.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the personal pronoun as both subject and object; '''hu pa-rupa hune''', I hurt myself.
*'''074.''' Reduplication is used to form the intensive pronouns: '''hu hu pe-are''', I myself will go.
*'''075.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative determiners, '''uafe''', this; '''uafete''', these; and '''hiope''', that; '''hiopete''', those, but take the direct object particle as needed: '''hu pe-bimo hiopetene''', I want those.
*'''076.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners: '''hebi yunopa''', anyone, anybody, '''hebi rasehi''', anything; '''mohu yunopa''', someone, somebody; '''mohu rasepi''', something; '''uahe yunopa''', no one, nobody; '''uahe rasepi''' nothing.
*'''077.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''ua''': '''uafe pe-iona epofu ua ta, hiope pe-iona ua yu''', This is your flower, that is mine.
===Postpositions===
*'''078.''' Ibapan uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for): '''ie yu eohoema''', at the beach.
*'''079.''' If there is no motion involved, the noun without a marker is used with the postposition: '''yu rufisa pe-iona ou yu ferisa''', The cup is on the table.
*'''080.''' If there is motion involved, the object marker is added to the noun: '''hu pa-desi yu rufisa ou yu ferisane''', I put the cup on(to) the table.
===Conjunctions===
*'''081.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
*'''082.''' In Ibapan there are three types of conjunctions.
*'''083.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance: '''re-elimo ua hu heo hu esitu na nomute heo na erote.''' My brother and I like apples and pears.
*'''084.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance: '''ta fio pe-liora fio pe-iape.''' You will either eat your supper or go to bed.
*'''085.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause: '''heori ŧe pe-iona esufa, pa-esofa.''' Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
==Octal Table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
|-
|'''ipo'''
|'''alu'''
|'''fiso'''
|'''fiti'''
|'''ripo'''
|'''yiyo'''
|'''yiro'''
|'''hufu'''
|-
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
|-
|'''hufuipo '''
|'''hufualu'''
|'''hufufiso'''
|'''hufufiti '''
|'''hufuripo '''
|'''hufuyiyo'''
|'''hufuyiro'''
|'''aluhufu'''
|-
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
|-
|'''aluhufuipo'''
|'''aluhufualu'''
|'''aluhufufiso '''
|'''aluhufufiti'''
|'''aluhufuripo'''
|'''aluhufuyiyo'''
|'''aluhufuyiro'''
|'''fisohufu'''
|-
!25
!26
!27
!28
!29
!30
!31
!32
|-
|'''fisohufuipo'''
|'''fisohufualu'''
|'''fisohufufiso'''
|'''fisohufufiti'''
|'''fisohufuripo'''
|'''fisohufuyiyo'''
|'''fisohufuyiro'''
|'''fitihufu'''
|-
!33
!34
!35
!36
!37
!38
!39
!40
|-
|'''fitihufuipo'''
|'''fitihufualu'''
|'''fitihufufiso'''
|'''fitihufufiti'''
|'''fitihufuripo'''
|'''fitihufuyiyo'''
|'''fitihufuyiro'''
|'''ripohufu'''
|-
!41
!42
!43
!44
!45
!46
!47
!48
|-
|'''ripohufuipo'''
|'''ripohufualu'''
|'''ripohufufiso'''
|'''ripohufufiti'''
|'''ripohufuripo'''
|'''ripohufuyiyo'''
|'''ripohufuyiro'''
|'''yiyohufu'''
|-
!49
!50
!51
!52
!53
!54
!55
!56
|-
|'''yiyohufuipo'''
|'''yiyohufualu'''
|'''yiyohufufiso'''
|'''yiyohufufiti'''
|'''yiyohufuripo'''
|'''yiyohufuyiyo'''
|'''yiyohufuyiro'''
|'''yirohufu'''
|-
!57
!58
!59
!60
!61
!62
!63
!64
|-
|'''yirohufuipo'''
|'''yirohufualu'''
|'''yirohufufiso'''
|'''yirohufufiti'''
|'''yirohufuripo'''
|'''yirohufuyiyo'''
|'''yirohufuyiro'''
|'''hufuhufu'''
|}

Latest revision as of 16:24, 26 August 2019

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