Amal/affixes: Difference between revisions

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* '''-ya''' [''ʔaj''] - genitive case [GEN]; possessive
* '''-ya''' [''ʔaj''] - genitive case [GEN]; possessive
:: '''-ai''' - for some roots
:: '''-ai''' - for some roots
* '''-ul''' [''ʔul''] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] <small>(not one of the "official" case endings)</small>


= Verbal modifiers =
= Verbal modifiers =

Revision as of 07:02, 23 December 2018


These are productive affixes in Amal.


Case endings

  • bi- [biʔ] - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"
ib- - dative for pronouns
  • -da [daʔ] - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"
  • -ha - [hak] comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs
-ak - for some roots
  • -sha [ʃaʔ] - ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives (sometimes used for negative mood [NEG])
  • -wa [waʔ] - accusative case [ACC]; object
-u - for some roots
  • -ya [ʔaj] - genitive case [GEN]; possessive
-ai - for some roots
  • -ul [ʔul] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] (not one of the "official" case endings)

Verbal modifiers

  • -ab [ʔab] - durative aspect [DUR]
  • -al [ʔal] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
  • -ash [ʔaʃ] - desiderative mood [DES]
  • -eb [ʔɛb] - passive [PASS]
  • -ed [ʔɛd] - causative [CAUS]
  • -eg [ʔɛg] - reflexive [REFL]
  • -ek [rɛk] - infinitive [INF]
  • -em [ʔɛm] - interrogative [INT]
  • -esh [ʔɛʃ] - past tense [PST]
  • -eshb [ʔɛʃ] + [ʔɛb] - passive participles [PPP]
  • -la [laʔ] - negative mood [NEG]
not used with second or third person singular
  • -ra [rɛk] - infinitive [INF]
  • -un [ʔun] - reportative marker [REP]
  • -ur [ʔur] - tentative mood [TENT]

Nominal Modifiers

  • -am [ʔam] - augmentative [AUG]
  • bu- [bəʔ] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with u or a)
be- - for roots with e or i
  • -en [ʃen] - feminine; female [FEM]
  • gi- [gɪʔ] - tool; device; instrument
  • -ik [ʔɪk] - dual plural [DU]
  • -im [ʔɪm] - plural [PL]
  • -in [ʔɪn] - agent noun [AG]
  • -ish [ʔɪʃ] - diminutive [DIM]
  • ka- [kaʔ] - animal
  • mu- [muʔ] - other; else
  • na- [naʔ] - collective plural [COL]
  • -ul [mul] - masculine; male [MASC]

Numerical Modifiers

  • em- [ʔem] - ordinal number [ORD]
  • ga- [gəʔ] - multiple number [MULT]

Medial Clusters

ba da ga ha ka la ma na pa ra sa sha ta wa ya
eb - ebda - ebha - ebla - - - ebra ebsa ebsha ebta ebwa ebya
ed - - - - - - - - - edra - - - - -
eg - - - - - egla - - - egra - - - egwa -
ek - - - ekha - ekla - - - ekra eksa eksha ekta ekwa -
el - - - elha - ella - - - - - - - elwa elya
em emba emda - emha - emla - emna empa emra emsa emsha emta emwa emya
en - enda enga
[ŋ]
- enka enla enma - - - ensa ensha enta enwa enya
[ɲ]
ep - - - - - epla - - - epra epsa - - - -
er - - - erha - - - - - - - - - erwa erya
es esba - - - eska esla esma esna espa esra - - esta eswa -
esh eshba - - - eshka eshla eshma eshna eshpa eshra - - eshta eshwa -
et - - - - - etla - - - etra etsa etsha - - -

d

2 ʔeʃ ʔeb x-eshb/a past participle; "trusted" [PP] aff / adj 1 ʔij x-iy/a adjectivization (dishiya ‘foreign’) [ADJ] aff / adj 1 biʔ bi- / ib- dative; "for, to" [DAT] aff / C 1 daʔ x-da locative; "in, at, on" [LOC] aff / C 1 hak x-ha / -ak comitative; "with, by; using" [COM] aff / C 1 ʃaʔ x-sha ablative; "away from" [ABL] / abessive; "without" [ABE] aff / C 1 waʔ x-wa / -u accusative; object [ACC] aff / C 1 ʔaj x-ya / -ai genitive; "of, from" [GEN] aff / C 1 buʔ bu- / be- this; these [PROX] aff / det 1 muʔ mu- other; another aff / det 1 ʃuʔ shu- / she- that; those [DIST] aff / det 1 weʔ we- some; any [INDEF] aff / det 1 laʔ x-la negative mood [NEG] aff / M 1 ʔeb x-eb passive [PASS] aff / M 1 ʔed x-ed causitive [CAUS] aff / M 1 ʔem x-em interrogative [INT] aff / M 1 gij yi- item of clothing aff / n 1 giʔ gi- tool; device; instrument aff / n 1 kaʔ ka- animal aff / n 1 mul x-ul masculine [MASC] aff / n 1 ʃen x-en feminine [FEM] aff / n 1 ʔam x-am augmentative [AUG] aff / n 1 ʔat x-at produced by ~; item for ~ aff / n 1 ʔin x-in agent noun [AG] aff / n 1 ʔíʃ x-ish diminutive [DIM] aff / n 1 gaʔ ga- multiple number aff / num 1 ʔem em- ordinal number aff / num 1 naʔ na- collective plural [COL] aff / pl 1 ʔik x-ik dual plural [DU] aff / pl 1 ʔim x-im plural [PL] aff / pl 1 ʔab x-ab durative aspect [DUR] aff / T 1 ʔal x-al repetitive; habitual [HAB] aff / T 1 ʔeʃ x-esh past tense [PST] aff / T 1 ʔun x-un reportative marker [REP] aff / T 1 ʔur x-ur tentative mood [TENT] aff / T 1 ʔur x-ur tentative mood [TENT] aff / T 1 raʔ x-ra infinitive [INF] aff / v 1 ʔeg x-eg reflexive [REFL] aff / v 1 ʔek x-ek infinitive [INF] aff / v 1 ʔel x-el (adjective prefix) -est, most, -most aff / v 1 ʔub x-ub (comparative suffix) -er, more aff / v