Proto-Cardial: Difference between revisions

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The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages.
The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!  
! '''Centralized System'''
! Palatized
! Palatized
! Central
! Central
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====Stress====
The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.
'''In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:'''
* disappears in ''southern Italy'' and ''Iberian peninsula''.
* geminates the posterior consonant in ''the Mediterranean islands'' and ''northern Africa''.
* evolves to "ɐʔ" in ''Alps''.
* the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in ''Tartessian''.
** the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}
===Ablaut===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Ablaut
! Usage
|-
!colspan="2"| I
|
| Verbs?
|-
!rowspan="2"| II
! A
|
| Verbs?
|-
! B
|
| Verbs?
|-
|-
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|}

Revision as of 05:25, 7 November 2018

Proto-Cardial is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Cardial languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 6.200 BC, and it's asociated to Cardium pottery.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Sibilant Lateral
Nasals *m *n *ŋ
Stops Ejective *p' *t' *k' *q'
Voiceless *p *t *k *q *ʔ
Voiced *b *d *g *ɢ
Affricates Ejective *ts' *tʃ'
Voiceless *ts *tʃ *tɬ
Voiced *dz *dʒ
Fricatives *s ~ *z? *ʃ ~ *ʒ? *x *χ *h
Liquid *l *r *ɬ *ɫ

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i *ɨ *u
Mid *e *ə *o
Low *æ *ɐ *a

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.

Centralized System Palatized Central Labialized
High *ʲɨ /i/ *ɨ *ʷɨ /u/
Mid *ʲə /e/ *ə *ʷə /o/
Low *ʲɐ /æ/ *ɐ *ʷɐ /a/

Stress

The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.

In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:

  • disappears in southern Italy and Iberian peninsula.
  • geminates the posterior consonant in the Mediterranean islands and northern Africa.
  • evolves to "ɐʔ" in Alps.
  • the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in Tartessian.
    • the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.

Morphology

Pronouns

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ *ŋɐ
Inclusive - *bɐ
2nd person Casual *t'u *χa
Polite *si *χæ
3rd person *sɐ *sɐ?
Demonstrative Proximal *ʔi *hi
Medial-proximal *ʔe *he
Medial-distal *ʔu *hu
Distal *ʔa *ha
Indeterminate *t'ɐ *t'ɐ?
Interrogative/relative Thing (What) *mɐ *mɐ?
Person (Who) *ŋɨʃɐ *ŋɨʃɐ?

Ablaut

  Ablaut Usage
I Verbs?
II A Verbs?
B Verbs?

Phrase and Verbal paradigm

The type of verbal conjugation varies according to the type of phrase you want to build, only the following sentences are allowed.

Class I

  • Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally
  • Object is marked with: Absolutive; Object is allowed optionally
  • Articles, relatives and postpositions are allowed optionally
  • Verb is allowed; Mostly Intransitive
  • Word Order: OSV

Verb

  • The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type IIa
Direct Object (Abs.) Indirect Object (Gen.) Subject VERB STEM Transitivity Perfective Post-verb Imperfective

Class II

  • Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally
  • Object is marked with: Absolutive; Object is allowed optionally
  • Articles, relatives and postpositions are prohibited
  • Verb is allowed; Mostly Transitive
  • Word Order: OVS

Verb

  • The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type IIb
Subject VERB STEM Object Perfective

Class III

  • Subject is marked with: Ergative; Subject is allowed optionally
  • Object is marked with: Absolutive; Object is obligatory
  • Articles, relatives and postpositions are allowed optionally
  • Verb is obligatory; Only Transitive
  • Word Order: SOV

Verb

  • The verbal stem do not suffers an ablaut
Subject (Erg.) Object (Abs.) VERB STEM Transitivity Perfectivity

Class IV

  • Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally
  • Object is not marked; Object is allowed optionally
  • Articles, relatives and postpositions are allowed optionally
  • Verb is allowed; Mostly Intransitive
  • Word Order: SVO

Verb

  • The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type IIa
Direct Object (Abs.) Indirect Object (Gen.) Subject (Abs.) VERB STEM Transitivity Perfective Post-verb Imperfective

Class V

  • Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally
  • Object is prohibited
  • Articles and postpositions are prohibited; Relatives are allowed optionally
  • Verb is allowed; Only Intransitive
  • Word Order: VSO

Verb

  • The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type I
Subject VERB STEM Object

Lexicon

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