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| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>비</b></big></big></font> | | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>비</b></big></big></font> | ||
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| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>빠</b></big></big></font> | |||
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| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>뻐</b></big></big></font> | |||
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| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>뽀</b></big></big></font> | |||
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| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>쁘</b></big></big></font> | |||
| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>삐</b></big></big></font> | |||
| <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>-</b></big></big></font> | | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>-</b></big></big></font> | ||
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Revision as of 07:26, 16 June 2018
pa'a
na'o | ta'o | ha'o | |
---|---|---|---|
plosive pana (rain) |
pa | ta | ka |
nasal maua (flower) |
ma | na | nya |
affricate tlatsa (fire) |
tsa | tla | |
continuant honu (turtle) |
sa | ha | la |
semivowel yasa (wind) |
ua | ya | a |
noun phrases
The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER RELATIVE-CLAUSE NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions
- opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun
ukum
Kala | number | English | ordinal | multiple | fractional |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
na'o | 1 | one | kina'o first |
tina'o once |
- |
ueta'o | 12 | twelve | kiueta'o twelfth |
tiueta'o twelve times |
iueta'o a twelfth |
yauema'o yama'o |
54 | fifty four | kiyama'o fifty fourth |
tiyama'o 54 times |
iyama'o a fifty fourth |
nyetsa'o | 106 | one hundred (and) six | kinyetsa'o 106th |
tinyetsa'o 106 times |
inyetsa'o a 106th |
katle'o | 7000 | seven thousand | kikatle'o seven thousandth |
tikatle'o 7000 times |
ikatle'o 1/7000 |
genitive
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | nai | kai |
2 | tai | ai |
3 | lai | mai |
{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{col-end}}
kata hangul
a | e | i | o | u | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
k | 가 | 거 | 기 | 고 | 구 |
l | 라 | 러 | 리 | 로 | 루 |
m | 마 | 머 | 미 | 모 | 무 |
n | 나 | 너 | 니 | 노 | 누 |
p | 바 | 버 | 비 | 보 | 부 |
s | 사 | 서 | 시 | 소 | 수 |
t | 다 | 더 | 디 | 도 | 두 |
w | 와 | 워 | 위 | - | - |
y | 야 | 여 | - | 요 | 유 |
- | 아 | 어 | 이 | 오 | 우 |
hanmoya
a | ai | ya | e | ye | o | ao | yo | ua | uai | ue | u | i | yao | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k | 가 | 개 | 갸 | 거 | 겨 | 고 | 과 | 교 | 구 | 귀 | 규 | 그 | 기 | - |
nk | 까 | - | - | 꺼 | - | 꼬 | - | - | - | - | - | 끄 | 끼 | - |
n | 나 | 내 | 냐 | 너 | 녀 | 노 | 놔 | 뇨 | 누 | 뉘 | 뉴 | 느 | 니 | - |
t | 다 | 대 | - | 더 | - | 도 | 돠 | - | - | - | - | - | 디 | - |
nt | 따 | - | - | 떠 | - | 또 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 띠 | - |
l | 라 | 래 | - | 러 | - | 로 | 롸 | - | - | - | - | - | 리 | - |
m | 마 | 매 | 먀 | 머 | 며 | 모 | 뫄 | 묘 | 무 | 뮈 | 뮤 | 므 | 미 | - |
p | 바 | 배 | 뱌 | 버 | 벼 | 보 | 봐 | 뵤 | 부 | 뷔 | 뷰 | 브 | 비 | - |
mp | 빠 | - | - | 뻐 | - | 뽀 | - | - | - | - | - | 쁘 | 삐 | - |
s | 사 | 서 | 시 | 소 | 수 | |||||||||
w | 와 | 워 | 위 | - | - | |||||||||
y | 야 | 여 | - | 요 | 유 | |||||||||
- | 아 | 어 | 이 | 오 | 우 |
Derivational morphology
- Noun → adjective: Suffix: -un
- Adjective → noun: Suffix: -iya
- Noun → verb: Suffix: -ek / -ra
- Verb → noun: Suffix: -a / a-
- Verb → adjective: Suffix: -u
- Adjective → adverb: Suffix: -ha / -ak
- One who X's (e.g. paint → painter): Suffix: -in
- Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Suffix: -da
- Diminutive: Suffix: -XX
- Augmentative: Suffix: -XX
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subject/object
s/o | - | 1s | 2s | 3s | 1p | 2p | 3p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1s | -an | - | -anti | -anu | -anuk | -anut | -anum |
2s | -ti | -eyan | - | -eyu | -eyuk | -eyut | -eyum |
3s | -u | -ilan | -ati | -ilu | -iluk | -ilut | -ilum |
1p | -uk | -ukan | -ukti | -uku | - | -ukut | -ukum |
2p | -ut | -utan | -ute | -utu | -utuk | - | -utum |
3p | -um | -uman | -umti | -umu | -umuk | -umut | - |
Semitic abjads
Name | Transliteration | IPA | Syriac | Hebrew | Arabic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
alha | a | a / ʔ | ܐ | א | ا |
ba | b | b | ܒ | ב | ب |
gamla | g | ɡ / ɣ | ܓ | ג | ج گ |
dal | d | d / ð | ܕ | ד | د ذ |
ha | h | h / ɦ | ܗ | ה | ه |
wa | w, u, o | w / u: / o: | ܘ | ו | و |
zayin | z | z | ܙ | ז | ز |
khet | kh | ɦ / χ | ܚ | ח | ح خ |
tet | t | t | ܛ | ט | ط ظ |
yad | y, i | j / i: / e: | ܝ | י | ي |
kapu | k | k / x | ܟ | כ ך | ك |
lam | l | l | ܠ | ל | ل |
mem | m | m | ܡ | מ ם | م |
nun | n | n | ܢ | נ ן | ن |
samka | s | s | ܣ | ס | س |
eyin | e | e / ʔ | ܥ | ע | ع غ |
pe | p | p / f | ܦ | פ ף | ف پ |
tsad | ts | ts | ܨ | צ ץ | ص ض |
qupa | q | ʔ / q | ܩ | ק | ق |
ra | r | ɾ / r | ܪ | ר | ر |
shin | sh | ʃ | ܫ | ש | ش |
ta | t | t | ܬ | ת | ت ث |
word gen kala
C=ptkmnshcxl N=bdg A=aeiou W=12 Y=345 P=pkmnh S=pkmnhsc
c|ts x|tl b|mp d|nt g|nk 1|ua 2|ue 3|ya 4|ye 5|yo tu|ta lu|la
CA CACA CANA CAPY CASW CAW CAY NA NACA NAPY NASW NAW NAY PY PYCA PYNA PYSW SW SWCA SWNA SWPY WCA WNA YCA YNA
tense
present | past | future | |
---|---|---|---|
simple | -e | -i | -o |
perfect | -le | -li | -lo |
obligatory | -se | -so | |
immediate | -ib | ||
possible | -go |
case
Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | amul | the man (subject) |
Accusative | -wa / -u | mulwa | the man (object) |
Dative | bi- | bimul | for, to, on behalf of the man |
Ablative | -sha | mulesha | from the man |
Genitive | -ya / -ai | mulya | of the man |
Locative | -da | muleda | at, in, on the man |
Instrumental/Comitative | -ha / -ak | mulha | using/with the man |
Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | eqesh | the house (subject) |
Accusative | -wa / -u | eshwa | the house (object) |
Dative | bi- | biqesh | for, to, on behalf of the house |
Ablative | -sha | essha | from the house |
Genitive | -ya / -ai | eshai | of the house |
Locative | -da | eshda | at, in, on the house |
Instrumental/Comitative | -ha / -ak | eshak | using/with the house |
format
- muku - /muːˈkʊ/
- knife; blade; weapon; arms - "sword"
evidentiality
Example | Translation | Evidential |
---|---|---|
hi·dawʔaƛwa·d | "I hear he found it" | -wa·t, hearsay |
pu·pu·q̓adʔi | "he's blowing a whistle" | -q̓adi, auditory |
č̓apaccaqil | "It looks like a canoe" | -caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance |
haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic | "I see you ate" | -pi·t, inference from physical evidence |
dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š | "He's probably singing" | -x̌a·-š, inferred probability |
Morphosyntax
- Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb word order, though occasionally adverbs fall outside this paradigm and various particles can free-up word order. Kala has four grammatical persons — first, second, third, and obviative. The third person is used for proximate nouns, while obviates are non-present or demoted in comparison to a third person. Inanimate objects cannot be the proximate third person. Kala is an agglutinative language. It uses various affixes, mostly suffixes, to change the meaning and grammatical function of words.
Nouns are inflected for number.
animacy
All nouns are classified as either animate or inanimate. Generally it is easy to determine whether a noun will be animate, although some inherently inanimate objects such as...
Arguments of verbs are marked with a (patient marker) transitivity prefix/particle which must agree with the animacy of its arguments. Even in stories in which a grammatically inanimate object are markedly anthropomorphized, such as talking flowers, speakers will not use animate agreement markers with them.
verbs
The Kala verbal template contains a stem with several suffixes. The structure of the verb stem in Kala can be roughly broken down into the root, the medial, and the final. The root and final tend to be required elements. In Kala, the category of verb may also include words that would be categorized as adjectives or quantifiers in English.
notes
- intransitive has NO object / transitive has object