Proto-Cardial: Difference between revisions

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====Emphatic Stops====
====Emphatic Stops====


The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with [[Kartvelian]] and [[Tommian]], does not show correspondences.
The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with [[Wikipedia:Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] and [[Tommian]], does not show correspondences.


Apparently the [[Macro-Kartvelian]] ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for '''Proto-Huamish''' are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.
Apparently the [[Macro-Kartvelian]] ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for '''Proto-Huamish''' are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====The middle vowel reflexes====
The *ə phoneme is marginal and seems to be the cause of vowel readjustment. In the different groups it has the following reflexes:
West Central East
North o e -
Central u e e
South - u a


==Morphology==
==Morphology==


====Declension of an animate noun====
===General Declension===


Example: '''*xnara''' 'man'
Example: '''*xnara''' 'man'
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! Case
! Case
! Singular
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
! Plural
! Unknown
|-
|-
! Agentive
! Agentive
| *xnara
|  
| *xnarax
|  
| *xnaras
|  
|-
|-
! Objective
! Objective
| *xnaram
|  
| *xnarax
|  
| *xnaras
|  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *xnarasa
|  
| *xnarawsa
|  
| *xnarajsa
|  
|-
|-
! Partitive
! Partitive
| *xnarala
|  
| *xnarawla
|  
| *xnarajla
|  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *xnarana
| *
| *xnarawna
| *
| *xnarajna
| *
|-
|-
|}
|}
When the noun ends in


===Verb===
===Verb===
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| Person
| Person
| Mood
| Mood
| Tense/Aspect
| Tense
| STEM
| Aspect
| Antipassive
| VERB STEM
| Plural
| Number
| (Ergative enclitic)
| Case
|-
|-
|}
|}
"Person" and "Plural"


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===


The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs.
The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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!rowspan="2"| 1st person
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
! Exclusive
| *ki
|  
| *kintla
|  
|-
|-
! Inclusive
! Inclusive
| *wa [*]
|  
| *wantla
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Familiar
! Familiar
| *ne
|  
| *nentla
|  
|-
|-
! Polite
! Polite
| *ga
|  
| *gantla
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
! Masculine
! Masculine
| *3o
|  
| *3otla
|  
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| *ma
|  
| *matla
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Demonstrative
!rowspan="2"| Demonstrative
! "This"
! "This"
| *taw
|  
| *tatla
|  
|-
|-
! "That"
! "That"
| *tsar
|  
| *tsatla
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative
! "Who"
! "Who"
| *se
|  
| *setla
|  
|-
|-
! "What"
! "What"
| *so
|  
| *sotla
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}
[*] '''*wa''' is of course dual 'Thou and I', not singular; however, it is used with 1st person singular verb forms.

Revision as of 13:54, 9 February 2018

Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamish languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Sibilants Palatal Velar Glottal
Front Back
Stops and
affricates 		"Emphatic" *pʰ *tʰ *(tʃ) *(tʃ)   *kʰ  
Fortis *p *t *ts *(tʃ)   *k  
Lenis *b *d *dz *(tʃ)   *g  
Fricatives Fortis *f   *s *(ʃ)   *x *h
Lenis     *z *(ʃ)      
Nasals *m *n          
Laterals Fortis   *ɫ          
Lenis   *l          
Rhotics Fortis   *r          
Lenis   *ɾ          
Semivowels *w       *j    

Emphatic Stops

The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with Kartvelian and Tommian, does not show correspondences.

Apparently the Macro-Kartvelian ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for Proto-Huamish are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.

In the descendant languages there are no remains of "emphatic", but they show different reflexes depending on the language.

The matter of ʃ and tʃ

It seems that the readjustment of vowels caused the sibilants to palatizate in final position so as not to get lost and these words acquired a diminutive sense. The words that did not adopt a diminutive meaning, reversed the change becoming * z <* ʃ and * ts <* tʃ.

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i   *u
Mid *e *ə *o
Low   *a  

The middle vowel reflexes

The *ə phoneme is marginal and seems to be the cause of vowel readjustment. In the different groups it has the following reflexes: 

	West	Central	East

North o e - Central u e e South - u a

Morphology

General Declension

Example: *xnara 'man'

Case Singular Plural Unknown
Agentive
Objective
Genitive
Partitive
Dative * * *

Verb

The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:

Person Mood Tense Aspect VERB STEM Number Case

Pronouns

The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive
Inclusive
2nd person Familiar
Polite
3rd person Masculine
Feminine
Demonstrative "This"
"That"
Interrogative "Who"
"What"
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