User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions
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== Vowels == | == Vowels == | ||
* /a i u/ | |||
: '''a i u''' | |||
= Nouns = | = Nouns = |
Revision as of 04:19, 16 July 2017
Word order
- SOV
- Attributes follow the words that they modify.
Phonology
Syllable structure is (C)V
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |
Plosive | p | t | k |
Fricative | s | ||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Clusters
- Nasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
- Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ/
- Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ ɲ/
- the cluster tl is /t͡ɬ/ or /t͡l/
Vowels
- /a i u/
- a i u
Nouns
Classifiers
- na- - person; human
- nya- - tool; device; vehicle
- tsa- - color of ~
- la- - object; thing [generic noun]
- lu- - abstract idea
- tla- - masculine; male [MASC]
- tli- - food
- ya- - inanimate; material; stuff
- yi- - feminine; female [FEM]
Determiners
- ti- - last
- tu- - so-called; reportative [REP]
- mi- - other; different
- mwa- - this; near me [PROX]
- nyi- - self; reflexive [REFL]
- nyu- - next
- sa- - sort; kind of
- wi- - that; near you [MED]; over there [DIST]
Number
Nouns are marked for various quantities:
- pa- - dual; pair of; both [DU]
- ka- - plural [PL]
- ma- - many; much
- mu- - group; collection; mass of
- nu- - one; a
- tsi- - few; little [quantity]
- li- - all; every
- yu- - piece of
Qualifiers
- a- - venerated [honorific]
- ta- - big; large
- kwi- - good; regular; normal
- si- - small; diminutive; dear
- su- - bad; unpleasant
- tsu- - lacking respect; damn
Pronouns
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | wa- | pwa- | kwa- |
2 | ni- | (m)pi- | (n)ki- |
3 | u- | pu- | ku- |
Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).
subject | object | verb | tense / aspect / mood |
---|---|---|---|
ku- | wa- | kup | -i |
3pl | 1sg | harm | PST |
kuwakupi | |||
They harmed me. |
Verbs
Tense
Verbs are either non-past or past.
- wa-yim-a
- 1sg-eat-NPST
- I eat. / I am eating. / I will eat.
- yi-yim-i
- FEM-eat-PST
- She ate.
Other verb modifiers
aspect
- al- - repetitive; frequentative [FREQ]
- itl- - finished [perfect]
- utl- - progressive; continuing [CONT]
conjunctive
- ak- - equally; also; as much as [CONJ]
- an- - instead; rather; but
- ats- - so long as
- im- - so that; in order to; because; since
- imp- - then; thereafter
- ip- - unless
- its- - instead of
- ul- - then; therefore
- uts- - if [possible]
modals
- am- - question [Q]
- amy- - ability [ABIL]
- ank- - like to
- any- - try to; attempt [ATT]
- ap- - want [VOL]
- atl- - possibility; potential [POT]
- aw- - be allowed [PERM]
- ay- - to intend to [VOL]
- ik- - suggestive [SUG]
- il- - necessity [NEC]
- iy- - stop oneself; cease [not prevent]
- uk- - negative; no; not [NEG]
- umy- - obligation
- unk- - hate to
- uny- - begin; become [INCEP]
temporal
- as- - while [DUR]
- in- - previously; already
- iw- - until; before
- us- - always
- ut- - to be about to
others
- amp- - as if; seem to
- amw- - causative [CAUS]
- ant- - more
- at- - augmentative [AUG]; intensifier
- imy- - to undo
- ink- - well; enough
- iny- - diminutive [DIM]
- is- - too little; not enough
- it- - too much
- um- - suddenly
- un- - less
- up- - if [but not] irrealis
- uy- - probably; likely
Stems
- kam- - symbol; write; mark
- kup- - harm; hurt; corrupt
- lum- - sleep; rest; relax
- mak- - want; desire; love
- mal- - speak; talk
- n- - know; see
- nay- - loud; noise; roar
- nyak- - fire; burn; light
- pat- - be awake; aware; focused
- t- - be; exist [COP]
- tlil- - bathe; wash
- wap- - rhythm; pulse; meter
- way- - go; move; walk
- y- - have; belong; get
- yam- - delight; happy; toy; glad
- yap- - be green; foliage; plant
- yat- - hand; five; grab
- yim- - eat; nourish; bread
Examples
- wana
- wa-n-a
- 1-see-NPST
- I see.
- kokame
- ko-kam-e
- 3-write-PFV
- They wrote.
notes
for word generator:
C=ptkmnswly V=aeiou
w[ou]|wa yu|nya [tl]u|tla