Ilya: Difference between revisions
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The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies. | The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies. | ||
* '''-ya''' Added to words ending in '''b, g, h, k, l, m, n''', and | * '''-ya''' Added to words ending in '''b, g, h, k, l, m, n, r''', and vowels. | ||
* '''-ai''' Added to words ending in '''d, p, q, s, sh, t, w''', and | * '''-ai''' Added to words ending in '''d, p, q, s, sh, t, w, y''', and vowels. | ||
==== dative ==== | ==== dative ==== | ||
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The locative case indicates the place or time at which something happens. Its meaning can be translated by the English prepositions 'to', 'at', 'on', 'in' etc. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies. | The locative case indicates the place or time at which something happens. Its meaning can be translated by the English prepositions 'to', 'at', 'on', 'in' etc. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies. | ||
* '''-(é)da''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, w''' and | * '''-(é)da''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, w, y''', and vowels. Often shortened to -'''éd''' after '''l, r, w''', and '''y'''. | ||
* '''-úsh''' Added to words ending in '''d, g, h, k, q''' and '''t'''. | * '''-úsh''' Added to words ending in '''d, g, h, k, q''' and '''t'''. | ||
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The instrumental/comitative case denotes accompaniment. It is translated as "with", "together with", "by", "with" or "through". An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since '''Ilya''' lacks a morphological adverb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies. | The instrumental/comitative case denotes accompaniment. It is translated as "with", "together with", "by", "with" or "through". An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since '''Ilya''' lacks a morphological adverb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies. | ||
* '''-ha''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m''', and | * '''-ha''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m, r''', and vowels. | ||
:: '''sarha''' - quickly (with quickness) | :: '''sarha''' - quickly (with quickness) | ||
Revision as of 03:53, 13 March 2017
- See also: Ilya dictionary
- See also: Ilya phrases
- See also: Ilya roots
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p b | t d | k g | ʔ (q) | ||
| Nasals | m | n | ||||
| Fricatives | s | ʃ (sh) | ||||
| Approximants | l | j (y) | w | h | ||
| Trill | r |
Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ q, is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i~ɪ | u~ʊ | |
| Mid | e~ɛ | o | |
| Open | a~ə |
Vowel length is productive and is marked by an acute accent. á é í ú
Nouns
Number
Ilya nouns can be singular, dual, or plural.
- kop-á - dog
- kop-ik - (two) dogs
- kop-im - dogs
- kop-ik - (two) dogs
Gender
Ilya does not have grammatical gender. However, where desired, masculine individuals may be distinguished by the suffix XXX, and feminine ones by XXX :
- kop-á - dog
Some
Case
nominative
The nominative case is the basic uninflected form of the noun.
accusative
The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
- -wa Added to words ending in b, h, k, l, m, n, r, sh, and vowels.
- -o Added to words ending in d, g, p, q, s, t, w, and y.
genitive
The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
- -ya Added to words ending in b, g, h, k, l, m, n, r, and vowels.
- -ai Added to words ending in d, p, q, s, sh, t, w, y, and vowels.
dative
The dative for the beneficiary of an action, indirect object, or motion towards. Unlike other case endings, it has morphed to being a prefix and has only one form, used in all instances. The exception to this is the form used with pronouns, ib-.
- bi-
- daqeshan éyemwa bikopá.
- give-PRF-1s food-ACC DAT-dog
- I gave food to the dog.
- ma (kayu) iban?
- what (COP-3s) DAT-1s
- What's for me?
locative
The locative case indicates the place or time at which something happens. Its meaning can be translated by the English prepositions 'to', 'at', 'on', 'in' etc. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
- -(é)da Added to words ending in b, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, w, y, and vowels. Often shortened to -éd after l, r, w, and y.
- -úsh Added to words ending in d, g, h, k, q and t.
ablative
The ablative case carries the meaning 'from' and shows separation away from an object. It is also used in comparisons and in this case translates as "than".
- -(é)sha
comitative / instrumental
The instrumental/comitative case denotes accompaniment. It is translated as "with", "together with", "by", "with" or "through". An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since Ilya lacks a morphological adverb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
- -ha Added to words ending in b, l, m, r, and vowels.
- sarha - quickly (with quickness)
- -ak Added to words ending in all others.
- betak - using; with the house
Vocative
Affect (diminutive and augmentative)
Pronouns
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -an | -uk |
| 2 | -ti / -e | -ut |
| 3 | -u / -a / il | -um |
Conjugation
There are two conjugations in Ilya, easily identified by the final -ek or -rá in the infinitive. Sample conjugations are given below, as well as the forms for the irregular verb hará 'to be (permanent)'.
| hará be |
ashek want |
gelek arrive |
shabrá know | |
| 1s | han | ashan | gelan | shaban |
| 2s | hati | ashti | gele | shabti |
| 3s | ilha | ashu | gelu | shabu |
| 1p | haquk | ashuk | geluk | shabuk |
| 2p | haqut | ashut | geli | shabut |
| 3p | umha | ashum | gelum | shabum |
Demonstrative pronouns
Case
| nominative | accusative | genitive | dative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | -an | eyan | nai | iban |
| 2s | -ti / -e | eti / eye | tai | ibti |
| 3s | -u / -a | eya | ai | ibu |
| 1p | -uk | eyuk | kai | ibuk |
| 2p | -ut / -í | eyut | wai | ibut |
| 3p | -um | eyum | mai | imbu |
direct object incorporation
Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of eya rayeshan (I saw her), rayeshana is grammatical. The DO pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of kawal rayeshanu (I saw (it) the horse), kawal rayeshan is grammatical.
| verb | tense / aspect / mood | subject | object |
|---|---|---|---|
| ary | -esh | -an | -a |
| see | simple past | 1sg | 3sg.FEM |
| I saw her. | |||
Prepositions
Attributives
Numbers
Cardinal
| Ilya | number | English | Ilya | number | English | Ilya | number | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nul | 0 | zero | sha | 6 | six | kishada | 500 | five hundred |
| wa | 1 | one | seb | 7 | seven | hesha | 103 | (one) thousand |
| ni | 2 | two | pu | 8 | eight | - | 104 | ten thousand |
| ush | 3 | three | nen | 9 | nine | - | 105 | (one) hundred thousand |
| ha | 4 | four | da | 10 | ten | - | 106 | (one) million |
| kish | 5 | five | sada | 100 | (one) hundred | - | 109 | (one) billion |
Forming Larger Numbers
- dawa - eleven / 11
- nida - twenty / 20
- sadaseb - one hundred seven / 107
- ushadénidasha - three hundred twenty six / 326
- shaheshnidaha - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
Other Number Forms
| Kala | number | English | ordinal | multiple | fractional |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wa | 1 | one | - first |
- once |
- |
| dani | 12 | twelve | - twelfth |
- twelve times |
- a twelfth |
| kishdaha | 54 | fifty four | - fifty fourth |
- 54 times |
- a fifty fourth |
| sadasha | 106 | one hundred (and) six | - 106th |
- 106 times |
- a 106th |
| sebhesh | 7000 | seven thousand | - seven thousandth |
- 7000 times |
- 1/7000 |
Ordinal
Questions
Affirmation & Negation
Content Questions
Answering
Verbs
The copulas
hará
hará is used to talk about permanent or lasting attributes and is irregular. Descriptions are the essential qualities that define a person or thing and probably won’t change anytime soon. These descriptions can be names, physical descriptions, nationalities, and even religions.
- han Yano
- COP.1s John
- I am John.
An occupation is what someone does for a living or as a hobby. Basically, if you're talking about how someone makes money or fills their time, you'll use hará.
- umha shalinimwa
- 3p.COP study-AG-PL-ACC
- They are students.
Characteristics are personality descriptions of a person. This category is included to further demonstrate the point that hará is used to talk about descriptions.
- ...
- ...
- My husband is romantic and caring.
Time can refer to days, dates, years, and the time on the clock.
- ...
- ...
- Today is Friday.
The place a person or thing is from or the material something is made of can be considered an origin.
- ...
- ...
- Marcus is from France.
Personal relationships, such as family ties, friendship, and romantic relationships, are also talked about using hará.
- ...
- ...
- Maria is my mother.
kayek
kayek is used to indicate temporary states and locations.
Position refers to the physical position or posture a person or thing is in.
- ...
- ...
- ...
The location of someone or something describes where it is permanently, temporarily, or conceptually.
- ...
- ...
- ...
Physical and mental conditions are described using kayek. Things that are likely to vary over several hours, days, or even years can be fall into this category.
- ...
- ...
- ...
